Finite population size results in random changes in allele frequencies. Lecture 3 briefly introduced genetic drift on a single locus. Here we greatly expand upon these results, building up a neutral theory for both single loci and also for neutral drift in phenotypes. These will serve as null models for tests of selection. Lecture 8 considers using molecular data to look for signatures of selec...

The effects of oxygen vacancies on the atomic and electronic structures in crystalline Zn2SnO4 were examined by ab initio calculations using a screened hybrid density functional. The formation energy and the electronic structure indicated that the neutral oxygen vacancy was stable in the n-type region with the formation of a deep level in the bandgap. The ionization energy of the oxygen vacancy...

The implications of the massive top quark on heavy flavor transitions are explored. We review the generation of quark masses and mixings and the determination techniques, and present the status of the elements of the weak mixing matrix. Purely leptonic decays of heavy mesons are briefly summarized. We present a general introduction to flavor changing neutral currents and an extensive summary of...

It is well known that abnormal animal behaviour is affected by both environment and genetics. This thesis aimed to use behavioural observations as well as gene expression measurements to explore how animals that perform and receive tail biting (pigs) and feather pecking (laying hens) differ from individuals that are not involved in these behaviours. In study I, the results suggested that tail b...

Dramatic changes in the brightness and shape of Jupiter’s extended sodium nebula are found to be correlated with the infrared emission brightness of Io. Previous imaging and modeling studies have shown that varying appearances of the nebula correspond to changes in the rate and the type of loss mechanism for atmospheric escape from Io. Similarly, previous IR observational studies have assumed t...

Gneezy et al. (2003) offer a partial explanation for the wage gap between men and women. In an experiment they found that women react less to competitive incentives. The task they used in their experiment can however be considered a male task. This allows for an interpretation of their results as stemming from stereotype threat rather than from a general behavioural tendency of women. We replic...

Logical pluralism is the view that there more than one correct logic. A key objection to logical it collapses into monism. The core of Collapse Objection only pluralist’s strongest logic does any genuine normative work; since a must do work, this means pluralist really monist, who committed her being true This paper considers neglected question in collapse debate: what for work? As well as havi...

The 1945 Constitution of the Republic Indonesia does not regulate relations and interactions between treaties national law. absence constitutional norms regarding this matter raises question how become a source This study puts forward perspective law to answer perceives in dimensions It argues that paradigm views as product legislative executive interaction within framework theory separation po...