Methods specifically targeting missing values in a wide spectrum of statistical analyses are now part of serious statistical thinking due to many advances in computational statistics and increased awareness among sophisticated consumers of statistics. Despite many advances in both theory and applied methods for missing data, missing-data methods in multilevel applications lack equal development...

An item response theory (IRT) model is used as a measurement error model for the dependent variable of a multilevel model. The dependent variable is latent but can be measured indirectly by using tests or questionnaires. The advantage of using latent scores as dependent variables of a multilevel model is that it offers the possibility of modelling response variation and measurement error and se...

In this chapter, we present our recent results on the multilevel Bayesian decision fusion scheme for multimodal audio-visual speaker identification problem. The objective is to improve the recognition performance over conventional decision fusion schemes. The proposed system decomposes the information existing in a video stream into three components: speech, lip trace and face texture. Lip trac...

A formal theory of multilevel systems is needed for modelling the outcomes of policy. The dynamics of social systems are coupled between levels and models that do not reflect this are incomplete and a poor basis for policymaking. The structures developed here are necessary for the new kinds of models and computer simulations needed to support policy makers as they tackle the problems of an incr...

Counts of southbound migrating whales off California form the basis abundance estimation for eastern North Pacific stock gray (Eschrichtius robustus). Previous assessments (1967–2007) have estimated detection probability (p) from detection-non pods by two independent observers. However, tracking distinct in field can be difficult single observers; resulting biased estimates pod sizes that neede...

In a multicenter study, the overall relationship between diet and cancer risk can be broken down into: (a) within-center relationships, which reflect the relationships at the individual level in each of the centers, and (b) a between-center relationship, which captures the association between exposure and disease risk at the aggregate level. In this work, we propose the use of a Bayesian multil...

HVAC stands for Heating, Ventilation and Air conditioning is the technology of automotive inside environmental comfort. system design based on thermodynamics, heat transfer fluid mechanics. very important everyone now a days in our project we are designing ventilation multilevel underground parking space, When cars move from area to outside space they release toxic gases fuels like carbon monox...

This article examines the effects of clustering in latent class analysis. A comprehensive simulation study is conducted, which begins by specifying a true multilevel latent class model with varying withinand between-cluster sample sizes, varying latent class proportions, and varying intraclass correlations. These models are then estimated under the assumption of a single-level latent class mode...