1.Researcher. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center (EMRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2. Professor of internal medicine, endocrinology. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 3 Epidemiologist. Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences 4 Neurologist. Department of Neurology, Shariati hospita...

This paper, commencing with the revision of classical concepts on democracy, puts forward that democracy is not only the aim but also a kind of means and method, based on which the paper further analyzes the shaping of democracy, and points out that elite democracy is an inevitable trend and that the role and function that elite democracy plays in the process of democratization is the exhibitio...

This paper examines how authoritarian legislative institutions affect regime survival. I argue that authoritarian legislatures and party systems, even when devised to quell threats from authoritarian rivals, can influence the distribution of power in a subsequent democracy. When legislative institutions and party systems help protect the interests of authoritarian elites in new democracies, the...

bAckground A substantial proportion of the mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is related to non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its complications. Insulin resistance is a major etiologic factor for the development of fatty liver. We aimed to study the prevalence of NAFLD among T2DM patients and its relation to insulin resistance. Methods Patients with T2DM that...

INTRODUCTION Transfusion of packed red blood cells (pRBC) with appropriate indications is not only important for patient safety and well-being but is also crucial for proper utilization of resources and health care-related cost reduction. We aimed to investigate the clinical appropriateness of blood transfusion in Shariati Hospital, one of the largest academic medical centers in Tehran. METHO...

Throughout its short history, federal relations in Russia have been dominated by extra-legal political and economic relations rather than constitutionalism and the rule of law. The Russian Federation’s unique blend of constitutional, socioeconomic, and political asymmetry, far from promoting democracy, has bolstered authoritarian regimes in the regions. Federalism and regional democracy have al...

Th e Middle East’s democracy deficit is a product of the patterns of political and economic development in the region. It is not because the region is predominantly Islamic or is somehow afflicted by purportedly undemocratic cultures. By itself, culture is not an impediment to transition to democracy as it is subject to influences from the larger polity, especially insofar as the economy and th...

This paper argues that the combination of a multiparty system and a presidential system is inimical to stable democracy. The paper presents empirical evidence that shows that few (4 of 25) stable democracies have presidential systems. Several features of presidential systems contribute to explaining why so few have become stable democracies; this paper focuses particularly on the possibility th...

In this paper we revisit the relationship between democracy, redistribution, and inequality. We first explain the theoretical reasons why democracy is expected to increase redistribution and reduce inequality, and why this expectation may fail to be realized when democracy is captured by the richer segments of the population; when it caters to the preferences of the middle class; or when it ope...