Group-based competition is considered to be a ubiquitous social context in human society. However, little is known about its potential effects on children's prosocial behaviors. To this end, we designed an experiment in which two age groups (2.5-3.5 years of age and 5.5-6.5 years of age) engaged in an intergroup competition task where they did a so-called "game" where each child transferred tab...

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Avoidance behavior is central to several anxiety disorders. The current study tested whether avoidance behavior for spiders depends on a dynamic interplay between implicit and explicit processes, moderated by the availability to exert control through working memory capacity (WMC). METHODS A total of 63 participants completed an approach-avoidance task, an implicit as...

Many species exhibit behavioral tendencies that are stable over time and across contexts. Robust variation in sociability, or the propensity to approach others, is widespread across the vertebrates. Nonetheless, the influence of sociability on reproductive performance is largely unknown. In this study, we explore the relationship between sociability and reproductive behavior in flocks of Brown-...

The management of children with autism is a complex and challenging task due to the symptoms related disorder that affect their cognitive behavioral functioning. This makes it difficult for them process information adapt new situations, leading non-cooperative tendencies during therapy sessions, which can slow down progress. To support professionals enhance experience these children, deep learn...

The outbreak of a global pandemic such as COVID-19 poses challenge for societies across the world. Lacking both vaccination and medical treatment, only way to combat spread virus in its early stages are behavioral measures, particularly physical distancing behavior. present work proposes three pillars individuals’ engagement distancing: anxiety, prosociality, rule compliance. In large (N = 1,50...

We discuss alternative methods for prescribing advective tendencies in singlecolumn models (SCMs) and cloud system models. These include “revealed forcing,” in which the total advective tendency is prescribed from observations; “horizontal advective forcing,” in which the horizontal advective tendencies are prescribed, together with the observed vertical motion which is combined with the predic...

BACKGROUND Addiction is characterized by compulsive drug seeking and substance use, yet many individuals break free of these patterns and change their behavior. Traditional candidate predictors of behavior change/persistence rely on self-reports of factors such as readiness to change. However, explicit measures only characterize top-down influences on behavior. The incentive sensitization model...

Cytochrome oxidase is a rate-limiting enzyme in oxidative phosphorylation, the major energy-synthesizing pathway used by the central nervous system, and cytochrome oxidase histochemistry has been extensively utilized to map changes in neural metabolism following experimental manipulations. However, the value of cytochrome oxidase activity in predicting behavior has not been analyzed. We argue t...

OBJECTIVE Previous research examining self-concept differentiation (SCD) has been characterized by (a) a focus on behavioral traits and (b) the conflation of mean-level and inter-contextual differentiation. In two studies, we considered non-conflated measures of SCD at the three levels of personality description in relation to adjustment. METHOD In Study 1, participants completed measures of ...

Discounting future outcomes as a function of their deferred availability underlies much of human decision making. Discounting, or preference for immediate over delayed rewards of larger value, is often associated with impulsivity and is a risk factor for addictive disorders such as pathological gambling, cigarette smoking, and drug and alcohol abuse. The ventral striatum (VS) is involved in med...