Factors that affect PCO2 measurement in balloon saline during gastrointestinal tonometry are unclear. They include carbon dioxide diffusion rate, correction factors for calculation of equilibrium PCO2 from measurements at saline dwell times that are shorter than needed for full equilibration, role of blood-gas analyser bias during ex vivo PCO2 measurements in saline, and normal values for intra...

In Washington State, USA, mountain goats (Oreamnos americanus) have experienced a long-term population decline. To assist management, we created annual and seasonal (summer and winter) habitat models based on 2 years of data collected from 38 GPS-collared (GPS plus collar v6, Vectronic-Aerospace GmbH, Berlin, Germany) mountain goats in the western Cascades. To address GPS bias of position acqui...

The transient flow analyzing by the frequency domain method (FDM) is computationally much faster than the method of characteristic (MOC) in the time domain. FDM needs no discretization in time and space, but requires the linearization of governing equations and boundary conditions. Hence, the FDM is only valid for small perturbations in which the system’s hydraulics is almost linear. In this st...

High-precision segmentation of the human cerebral cortex based on T1-weighted MRI is still a challenging task. When opting to use an intensity based approach, careful data processing is mandatory to overcome inaccuracies. They are caused by noise, partial volume effects and systematic signal intensity variations imposed by limited homogeneity of the acquisition hardware. We propose an intensity...

The experimental design plays an important role in every experimental study. However, if errors in the settings of the studied factors cannot be avoided, i.e. Berkson errors occur, the estimates of the model parameters may be biased and the variability in the study increased. Correction methods for the effect of Berkson errors are compared. The emphasis is on the study of correlated Berkson err...

OBJECTIVE To describe how smoking correction factors based on comparing worker smoking prevalence with population smoking prevalence are biased if applied to an occupational incidence cohort. METHODS Relative rates of smoking for shorter-tenure workers derived from occupational cohort lung cancer studies were applied to incidence and prevalence population tenure distributions to calculate rel...

Abstract Bias correction methods are used to adjust simulations from global and regional climate models use them in informed decision‐making. Here we introduce a semi‐parametric quantile mapping (SPQM) method bias‐correct daily precipitation. This uses parametric probability distribution describe observations an empirical for simulations. Bias‐correction techniques typically the bias between ob...