We consider the watchman route problem for a k-transmitter watchman: standing at point p in polygon P, can see $$q\in P$$ if $$\overline{pq}$$ intersects P’s boundary most k times—q is k-visible to p. Traveling along route, either all points P or discrete set of $$S\subset must be watchman. aim minimizing length route. show that even simple polygons shortest NP-complete and cannot approximated ...

Bioadhesion can be defined as a phenomenon of interfacial molecular attractive forces amongst the surfaces of the biological substrate and the natural or synthetic polymers, which allows the polymer to adhere to the biological surface for an extended period of time. Bioadhesive polymeric systems have been used in the development of products for various biomedical applications and surgical glue....

We present examples of simple dynamical systems containing alternative routes to chaos which are degenerate with a period-doubling route. The existence of degenerate routes implies the possibility of having more entangled dynamical behaviors hidden in observations based on a single-variable time series, possibly requiring, therefore, special care to discriminate them. A model system allowing th...

Payment systems are one of the key Financial Market Infrastructures (FMIs) and have showed remarkable progress over the past two decades. The first half of this chapter focuses on the evolutionary process of payment systems, starting with the Deferred Net Settlement (DNS) system and progressing to the RealTime Gross Settlement (RTGS) system. Subsequently, much more sophisticated payment systems...

Williamson and Sabath (1982) have demonstrated a significant relationship between modern population size and environment by examining atoll area and rainfall in the Marshall Islands. The present work seeks to extend that argument into prehistory by examining the relationship of ancient habitation sites and size of aroid pit agricultural systems to atoll land area and rainfall regime along the 1...