The author traces the development of low-incoming housing zones in the city of Nairobi (Kenya), which were initially shaped by the exclusive urban policies of the British Colonial Government, and further influenced by minimum standards codes established after Independence. Using a random sample of 1,480 heads of households, the author examines zones of entry into the city, with a view to identi...

A solution to the benchmark ATT48 Traveling Salesman Problem (from the TSPLIB95 library) results from isolating the set of vertices into ten open-ended zones with nine lengthwise boundaries. In each zone, a minimum-length Hamiltonian Path (HP) is found for each combination of boundary vertices, leading to an approximation for the minimum-length Hamiltonian Cycle (HC). Determination of the optim...

This document contains the following supplementary figures and information further describing our bidirectional ITP-based technique for simultaneous purification and fractionation of nucleic acids and proteins from complex biological samples: • Figure S-1: Images of on-chip DNA ITP zones and protein ITP zones • Figure S-2: Experimental setup and procedure • Figure S-3: Simulation and visualizat...

The objective of this research was to define management zones of oasis cotton field. The variables of organic matter, available N, available P and available K data determined in 193 topsoil (0-30cm) samples were selected as data sources. Fuzzy c-means clustering algorithm was used to delineate management zones. In order to determine the optimum fuzzy control parameters, the fuzziness performanc...

The establishment of marine protected areas (MPAs) can often lead to environmental differences between MPAs and fishing zones. To determine the effects on marine dispersal of environmental dissimilarity between an MPA and fishing zone, we examined the abundance and recruitment patterns of two anemonefishes (Amphiprion frenatus and A. perideraion) that inhabit sea anemones in different managemen...

Water quality degradation in river systems has caused great concerns all over the world. Identifying the spatial distribution and sources of water pollutants is the very first step for efficient water quality management. A set of water samples collected bimonthly at 12 monitoring sites in 2009 and 2010 were analyzed to determine the spatial distribution of critical parameters and to apportion t...

A recent test for the existence of suture zones in North America, based on hybrid zones studied since 1970, found support for only two of the 13 suture zones identified by Remington in 1968 (Swenson and Howard 2004). One limitation of that recent study was the relatively small number of hybrid zones available for mapping. In this study, we search for evidence of clustering of contact zones betw...

Forest tree hybrid zones provide a wealth of novel genetic variation that can be harnessed to safeguard populations in changing climates. In the past 30 years, natural and artificial forest hybrid zones have facilitated significant contributions to selective breeding programs, conservation, and our understanding of the evolutionary processes and mechanisms that influence the maintenance of spec...

Identifying zones and movement patterns of people is crucial to understanding adjacent regions and the relationship in urban areas. Most previous studies addressed zones or movement patterns separately without analysing simultaneously the two issues. In this paper, we propose an integrated approach to discover directly both zones and movement patterns among the zones, referred to as movement pa...

BACKGROUND The purpose of the project was to delineate a series of contiguous neighbourhood-based "Data Zones" within the Region of Peel (Ontario) for the purpose of health data analysis and dissemination. Zones were to be built on Census Tracts (N = 205) and obey a series of requirements defined by the Region of Peel. This paper explores a method that combines statistical analysis with ground-...