Regulated differently than drugs or foods, the market for botanical dietary supplements continues to grow worldwide. The recently implemented U.S. FDA regulation that all botanical dietary supplements must be produced using good manufacturing practice is an important step toward enhancing the safety of these products, but additional safeguards could be implemented, and unlike drugs, there are c...

Identification of raw plant material intended for use in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals, excipients, or dietary supplements is carried out by examining the morphological and histological features of the article under test and by performing diagnostic chemical tests on the article. The botanical and chemical characteristics of the test article are then compared to the known botanical and che...

Bedbugs are found in many countries around the world, and in some regions they are resistant to numerous insecticides. This study surveyed bedbugs in Thailand and determined their resistance to insecticides. The surveys were carried out in six provinces that attract large numbers of foreign tourists: Bangkok, Chonburi, Chiang Mai, Ubon Ratchathani, Phuket, and Krabi. Bedbugs were collected from...

Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are ligand-gated ion channels which mediate fast cholinergic synaptic transmission in insect and vertebrate nervous systems. The great abundance of nAChRs within the insect central nervous system has led to the development of insecticides targeting these receptors, such as neonicotinoid insecticides. Neonicotinoid insecticides act selectively on insect...

OBJECTIVE To examine the peripheral auditory disorders in a group of workers exposed to organophosphate and pyrethroid insecticides, used in vector control campaigns. METHODS The prevalence study examined a population of 98 individuals who sprayed insecticides in campaigns for the prevention of Dengue, Chagas disease and Yellow fever. The sampling approach was finalistic, and included the wor...

OBJECTIVE Although insecticides are widely used in many countries, few studies of their use in households have been conducted. This study was carried out to describe the household use of insecticides according to per capita income. METHODS From October 1999 to January 2000, questionnaires on the use of household insecticides were applied to 2,039 households in the urban area of Pelotas, Brazi...

Dalbergia odorifera (D. odorifera), commonly named the fragrant rosewood, is one of second-level protected wild plants in China, and 34 species rosewood five genera eight categories National Standard China. As a kind traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it plays an important role pharmaceutical industry, including treatment cardiovascular diseases, rheumatic pain, etc. With continuous expansion ...

Fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (JE Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), is a destructive pest of wide array agricultural and horticultural crops worldwide. This in vitro research assessed the combined effect methanolic extracts indigenous flora Soone Valley (Khushab, Pakistan) nine commonly used synthetic insecticides against 3rd instar larvae S. using leaf-dip bioassay method. Toxicity bioas...