The clinical eVects of botulinum toxin have been recognised since the end of the 19th century. It is the most potent neurotoxin known and it is produced by the gram negative anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The paralytic eVect of the toxin is due to blockade of neuromuscular transmission. Injection into a muscle causes chemodenervation and local paralysis and this eVect has led to the...

Botulinum toxin can chemically denervate striated muscle. Botulinum toxin A (15 U) was used to treat ten patients with chronic anal fissure by injection in the internal sphincter. In seven patients, the lesion healed at 2 months after treatment; one relapsed at 3 months. In one patient the lesion healed at 1 month, but partly relapsed a month later. Mild faecal incontinence lasting for 1 day wa...

The clinical eVects of botulinum toxin have been recognised since the end of the 19th century. It is the most potent neurotoxin known and it is produced by the gram negative anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The paralytic eVect of the toxin is due to blockade of neuromuscular transmission. Injection into a muscle causes chemodenervation and local paralysis and this eVect has led to the...

The clinical eVects of botulinum toxin have been recognised since the end of the 19th century. It is the most potent neurotoxin known and it is produced by the gram negative anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The paralytic eVect of the toxin is due to blockade of neuromuscular transmission. Injection into a muscle causes chemodenervation and local paralysis and this eVect has led to the...

Hypersalivation is one of the intractable symptoms of anti-N-methyl-d-aspartate receptor (NMDAR) encephalitis. While anticholinergic medications partially improve the hypersalivation, they can aggravate the autonomic dysfunctions associated with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Thus, we investigated the efficacy and safety of botulinum toxin type A injection on hypersalivation refractory to anticholine...

The clinical eVects of botulinum toxin have been recognised since the end of the 19th century. It is the most potent neurotoxin known and it is produced by the gram negative anaerobic bacterium Clostridium botulinum. The paralytic eVect of the toxin is due to blockade of neuromuscular transmission. Injection into a muscle causes chemodenervation and local paralysis and this eVect has led to the...

Although, the role of Botulinum Toxin-A in the treatment of the neurogenic and non-neurogenic neurogenic bladder is becoming more defined, this is the first review article to characterize the emerging role of Botulinum Toxin-A in the pediatric urologic population. Injection of Botulinum Toxin-A at the level of the bladder works by inhibiting uninhibited bladder contractions and, possibly, by bl...

Proctalgia fugax is considered as intermittent anal pain of unknown etiology; a variety of treatments have been used, without, however, permanent results. Injection of botulinum A toxin is recently suggested as an alternative option. We present the case of a woman presenting proctalgia fugax that was untreatable through other current forms of treatment. After two administrations of botulinum A ...

Botulism is neuromuscular paralysis secondary to a neurotoxin secreted from Clostridium Botulinum bacteria. It is a rare syndrome as a result of food poisoning with the spore-forming clostridium bacteria. The ingested food is contaminated with the pre-secreted botulinum toxin. Infant botulism occurs with the ingestion of the clostridial spores that later germinate and colonize the intestine and...

Botulism is a potentially fatal disease that is caused by the botulinum toxin, the most toxic naturally occurring substance [1]. The neurotoxin is formed by various strains of the anaerobic, Gram-positive and spore-forming genus Clostridium (C. botulinum, C. baratii and C. butyricum) [2]. The botulinum toxin is classified in eight serotypes A-H [2][3], of which the serotypes A, B, E and F (BoNT...