During severe arterial hypoxia leading to brain anoxia, most mammalian neurons undergo a massive depolarisation terminating in cell death. However, some neurons of the adult brain and most immature nervous structures tolerate extended periods of hypoxia-anoxia. An understanding of the mechanisms underlying this tolerance to oxygen depletion is pivotal for developing strategies to protect the br...

A histological review of dura mater taken from a post-mortem series of 50 paediatric cases aged up to 5 months revealed fresh bleeding in the dura in 36/50, the bleeding ranging from small perivascular haemorrhages to extensive haemorrhage which had ruptured onto the surface of the dura. Severe hypoxia had been documented clinically in 27 of the 36 cases (75%). In a similar review of three infa...

Objective(s):Hypoxia induces cellular oxidative stress that is associated with neurodegenerative diseases. Here, the protective effects of ferulic acid (FA) on hypoxia-induced neurotoxicity in PC12 cells were evaluated. Materials and Methods:We investigated the effect of FA on PC12 cells subjected to hypoxia stress, in vitro. Results:FA increased cell viability, prevented membrane damage (LDH r...

Background: HIE is one of the most common cause of neonatal deaths and morbidity in children. Due to limited facilities in India, many a times HIE goes undetected only to present in later stages of life as handicapped children. Objective: To study the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) brain findings in children having suffered perinatal hypoxia, to analyze MRI findings in brain based on time of ...

Exposure of organisms to repetitive mild hypoxia results in development of brain hypoxic/ischemic tolerance and cross-tolerance to injurious factors of a psycho-emotional nature. Such preconditioning by mild hypobaric hypoxia functions as a "warning" signal which prepares an organism, and in particular the brain, to subsequent more harmful conditions. The endogenous defense processes which are ...

Normal brain function is highly dependent on oxygen and nutrient supply and when the demand for oxygen exceeds its supply, hypoxia is induced. Acute episodes of hypoxia may cause a depression in synaptic activity in many brain regions, whilst prolonged exposure to hypoxia leads to neuronal cell loss and death. Acute inadequate oxygen supply may cause anaerobic metabolism and increased respirati...

NMDARs (N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors) mediate the predominantly excitatory neurotransmission in the CNS (central nervous system). Excessive release of glutamate and overactivation of NMDARs during brain ischemia and the hypoxia process are causally linked to excitotoxicity and neuronal damage. GluN3 subunits, the third member of the NMDAR family with two isoforms, GluN3A and GluN3B, have been...

Recent evidence suggests that carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX in humans is under the regulatory control of hypoxia-inducible factor and is overexpressed in certain cancers. However, little is known of its presence in nonmammalian vertebrates or its physiological function in any vertebrate. The objective of this study was to examine and characterize the presence, distribution, induction by hypoxia, a...

Global hypoxia-ischemia interrupts oxygen delivery and blood flow to the entire brain. Previous studies of global brain hypoxia-ischemia have primarily focused on injury to the cerebral cortex and to the hippocampus. Susceptible neuronal populations also include inhibitory neurons in the thalamic reticular nucleus. We therefore investigated the impact of global brain hypoxia-ischemia on the tha...

Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) is highly expressed in the developing brain. It has anti-apoptotic abilities, and protects the neonatal brain. In experimental settings in adult animals, pre-treatment with nicotine has shown increased BDNF levels, indicating a possible contribution to nicotine's anti-apoptotic effect. Apoptosis contributes to the development of brain damage in perinatal...