Positron emission tomography (PET) is a nuclear medicine imaging technique. Through the use of various radiopharmaceuticals, PET allows in vivo imaging of regional cerebral functions, including cerebral blood flow, molecular metabolism, and receptor binding capacity. PET is useful not only for diagnosis and therapeutic planning but also for neurological science research.

Regardless of its seemingly abstract philosophical nature, historically the relation of mind and body has found a surprising variety of forms in the changing “mirror of machines” (Meyer-Drawe, 1996)—perhaps because the “invention” of abstract theorizing and knowledge coincided with the construction of tools and machines. Friedrich Nietzsche brought this articulation of knowledge and machines fa...

In the investigation of brain plasticity two stages can be usually distinguished. In the training stage some plastic changes are produced, while other, developing under normal conditions, may be reduced. In the testing stage those effects are analysed. Four methods are used in the training stage: developing conditioned reflex, sensory deprivation, abnormal sensory stimulation, and causing a loc...

OBJECTIVE Sophisticated signal processing has opened the doors to more research with human subjects than ever before. The increase in the use of human subjects in research comes with a need for increased human subjects protections. APPROACH We quantified the presence or absence of ethics language in published reports of brain-computer interface (BCI) studies that involved human subjects and q...

Sex differences have been found in the anatomy of brains of a wide variety of vertebrates including humans. Common lore tells us that sex differences in the brain cause sex differences in behavior. This review entertains the possibility that sex differences in the brain may also do the exact opposite. Specifically, sex differences may allow males and females to display remarkably similar behavi...

The last decade has shown a large increase in the number of P300-based BCI publications. The majority of these studies have used non-disabled subjects; far fewer studies have been conducted with people suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other neuromuscular disorders. Although the field has matured significantly, most research has focused on improving classification through si...

Introduction Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI) research is evolving. The quest for level-1 evidence through randomised prospective interventional trials, while useful to establish safety and efficacy, is changing to an era of big data observational studies. Comparative Effectiveness Research (CER) utilises the observation of differences between treatments and centres without strict inclusion/exclusi...

The last decade has shown a large increase in the number of P300-based BCI publications. The majority of these studies have used non-disabled subjects; far fewer studies have been conducted with people suffering from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) or other neuromuscular disorders. Although the field has matured significantly, most research has focused on improving classification through si...

Idiopathic Parkinson's disease (IPD) represents a common neurodegenerative disorder. An estimated 2% of the U.S. population, age 65 and older, develops IPD. The number of IPD patients will certainly increase over the next several decades as the baby-boomers gradually step into this high-risk age group, concomitant with the increase in the average life expectancy. While many studies have suggest...