Cooperative braking with regenerative braking and mechanical braking plays an important role in electric vehicles for energy-saving control. Based on the parallel and the series cooperative braking models, a combined model with a predictive control strategy to get a better cooperative braking performance is presented. The balance problem between the maximum regenerative energy recovery efficien...

Abstract: For the characteristics of full electric propulsion, a novel kind of brake-by-wire unit is designed for electric vehicle to improve braking performance. A comprehensive brake-by-wire system including this unit is set up after its structure and principle are introduced. Then, a multi-layer fuzzy controller is proposed to regulate decelerate and wheel slip rate, and an optimal regenerat...

Electrons accelerated at the polar cap of a pulsar lose energy by interactions with the thermal photospheric radiation. Using Michel’s acceleration model (1974) we present an analytical treatement of these braking processes taking into account curvature radiation as well as resonant and non–resonant inverse Compton scattering and the distribution of the thermal photons originating from the pola...

The standard picture of CV secular evolution predicts a spike in the CV distribution near the observed short–period cutoff P0 ≃ 78 min, which is not observed. We show that an intrinsic spread in minimum (‘bounce’) periods Pb resulting from a genuine difference in some parameter controlling the evolution can remove the spike without smearing the sharpness of the cutoff. The most probable second ...

Costs for traction energy in DC electric rail transit systems depend on the energy actually demanded in the substations as well as on average power peaks there. Both are strongly influenced by the applied train timetable, because synchronous powering of multiple trains causes high power peaks whereas coordinated powering and braking of trains leads to good usage of regenerative energy from brak...

The increasing use of electronic systems in automobiles instead of mechanical and hydraulic parts brings about advantages by decreasing their weight and cost and providing more safety and comfort. There are many electronic systems in modern automobiles like antilock braking system (ABS) and electronic brakeforce distribution (EBD), electronic stability program (ESP) and adaptive cruise control ...

The temperature distribution is an important aspect of any brake pad composite material. braking affects the performance and efficiency It difficult to measure interface between disc by thermocouples or infrared thermal sensors during braking. This work investigates a ceramic material transient analysis method. approach method helps visualize through simulation. Also, it provides pin at distanc...

The drag force on a satellite of mass M moving with speed V in the gravitational field of a spherically symmetric background of stars is computed. During the encounter, the stars are subject to a time-dependent force that alters their equilibrium. The resulting distortion in the stellar density field acts back to produce a force F∆ that decelerates the satellite. This force is computed using a ...

In recent years, hydroforming process has been applied in different industries such as aerospace, automotive and military industries due to its advantages, such as high dimensional accuracy, capability of forming complicated parts and high drawing ratio. Hydrodynamic deep drawing with radial pressure is one type of hydroforming process. In this paper, forming of cylindrical cups in hydrodynamic...