Article is made available in accordance with the publisher's policy and may be subject to US copyright law. Please refer to the publisher's site for terms of use. The MIT Faculty has made this article openly available. Please share how this access benefits you. Your story matters. In this work, we present some new understanding of topological order, including three main aspects. (1) It was beli...

The 16th century statute law or the town of Rijeka treats the eye in two ways. First, it stipulates a severe punishment for deliberate "eye-plucking". Second, for those who commit this crime, it specifies "eye-plucking" as a corporeal punishment (following the eye-for-an-eye principle).The 1530 Statute of Rijeka also pays considerable attention to the bones. Bone breaking by means of intentiona...

The spontaneous violation of Lorentz and diffeomorphism invariance in a phase near the big bang lowers the entropy, allowing for an arrow of time and the second law of thermodynamics. The spontaneous symmetry breaking leads to O(3, 1) → O(3) × R, where O(3) is the rotational symmetry of the Friedmann–Lemaître–Robertson–Walker spacetime. The Weyl curvature tensor Cμνρσ vanishes in the FLRW space...

This article identifies similarities among three approaches to dealing with rule breaking: the procedural justice model, the restorative justice model, and the study of moral development. Each argues that the long-term goal when dealing with rule breaking is to motivate rule breakers to become more self-regulating in their future conduct. This goal is undermined by punishment-focused models of ...

We study the failure properties of fiber bundles with a finite lower cutoff of the strength disorder varying the range of interaction between the limiting cases of completely global and completely local load sharing. Computer simulations revealed that at any range of load redistribution there exists a critical cutoff strength where the macroscopic response of the bundle becomes perfectly brittl...

The investigation of microstructure is largely based on the knowledge of the transformation twins the are possible for a crystal undergoing a symmetry-breaking, di usionless phase transition. In order to have a complete description of this phenomenon, in this paper we review the subject of mechanical twinning from the point of view of nonlinear elasticity, and we examine the existence and gener...

In gauge systems coupled to matter, the static potential flattens out at a scale where the confining string breaks by formation of a dynamical pair of particles. Surprisingly, such a breaking is invisible in Wilson loops even when the inter-charge separation is much larger than the flattening scale. Observing string breaking also requires using different operators. A known string mechanism prov...

introduction breeding quail and quail egg industrial production because of the high nutritional value of these products has been developing these years. considering the high demand and economical production, further development in the future is predicted. in order to design and effective utilization of the equipment for transportation, separation, packaging and storage, the physical and mechani...

there are two historical paradigms in iranian family law: love law and libido law. understanding the two approaches is possible by thinking on the four categories of love: 1. libido: the passion of life and manifestation of sexual drive. 2.eros: the romantic love and the genuine material of poem and literature. 3.philia: the mere love purified from libido. 4. agape: the spiritual love in mystic...