A key parameter to improve the performance of organic solar cells is the optimization of electronic phenomena at donor–acceptor interfaces through the optimization of the morphology of the bulk heterojunction. The correlative mapping of morphological, electrical and mechanical properties at the nanoscale by advanced scanning probe microscopy techniques allows for a detailed characterization of ...

The topology of pure Bi is controversial because of its very small (∼10  meV) band gap. Here we perform high-resolution angle-resolved photoelectron spectroscopy measurements systematically on 14-202 bilayer Bi films. Using high-quality films, we succeed in observing quantized bulk bands with energy separations down to ∼10  meV. Detailed analyses on the phase shift of the confined wave function...

1. Introduction Severe plastic deformation (SPD) is nowadays used to produce sizeable amounts of bulk nanocrystalline materials, which renders them suitable for different innovative applications, owing to favourable combinations of high mechanical strength and enhanced ductility they offer. Enhanced grain boundary diffusion is largely responsible for the resulting property combinations. SPD pro...

Intuitively, a task is local if the output value of each process depends only on the process’ own input value, not on the input values of the other processes; a task is non-local otherwise. In this paper, we use the failure detector abstraction to determine the minimum information about failures that is necessary to solve non-local tasks in message-passing systems. More precisely, we show that ...

The relation between water content and potential is a key soil hydraulic property. presence of rock fragments in soils can affect this property bulk soil. In study, we focused on the determined with WP4 dew point potentiometer. objective was to evaluate hypothesis that breaking large gravel-size particles into smaller suitable strategy for accurate measurements coarse materials without affectin...

despite the availability of various alkaline phosphatase (alp) isoenzymes, the calf enzyme is being used in current enzyme assays as the detector enzyme. the glycosylation pattern of this enzyme makes it a suitable ligand for binding to wheat germ agglutinin lectin (wga). as a result of this property, the enzyme can not be used as a conjugate with this lectin, and the calf enzyme conjugates can...

Equations for calculating track parameters have been proposed, which invariably involve the track etch rate Vt and the bulk etch rate Vb. The present study measured Vb for the LR115 solid-state nuclear track detector using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The detectors were partially masked using rubber cement and then etched in 2:5 N NaOH solution at 60◦C for time periods ranging from 5 to 40 mi...

The use of CCDs in future linear collider experiments will require immunity to large neutron fluences, in excess of /year. The effects on charge transfer efficiency of neutron induced bulk damage are presented along with a demonstration of a technique to fill the traps with sacrificial charge. Operation is then possible at fluences in excess of .

A major reason why many developing nations have not made significant advancement in sustainable development (SD) agenda is the neglect of existing building stock which forms the bulk of built assets. Although sustainable development is a universal challenge, it cannot be approached in the same way for all nations, but rather practical response can be defined nationally or locally. This paper re...