Despite difficulties associated with the law of causation, it could be much clearer than it is. The aim of this paper is to present a framework which provides an acceptable explanation of, and justification for, the pattern of the cases and the statutory provisions. The discussion is intended to cover the criminal law of Australia, Canada, England and New Zealand.

Recent work in psychology and experimental philosophy has shown that judgments of actual causation are often influenced by consideration of defaults, typicality, and normality. A number of philosophers and computer scientists have also suggested that an appeal to such factors can help deal with problems facing existing accounts of actual causation. This paper develops a flexible formal framewor...

bailsman is commitment to summon party .this commitment on suspect of some, cause dominate on the third-party .for this reason, some have questioned the validity of contract, other groups have attempted to justify the validity of the contract with using of joint and several liability and advocacy. in sunni jurisprudence, the first tool used and in shiie, the second tool. but the truth is that t...

Abstract Considering the importance of conducting studies on youth, young girls in particular, and also the importance of paying attention to social capital and its role in development process of a society and decreasing social problems and loss; the present study is an attempt to investigate the structure of social capital and its constructing components (solidarity, social participation, eth...

BACKGROUND the aim of this study was to assess the reliability and validity of the Delphi method in preparing hypertension guidelines for family physicians in Poland. METHODS a two-round Delphi method was used to develop guidelines for management of hypertension by the College of Family Physicians in Poland. The respondent group consisted of 36 family physicians and 19 specialists. To assess ...

Abstract Background: Iran (I.R.) is suffering the growing problem of opiate abuse. In evaluation of the treatment plan for opium dependent patients, a valid and reliable instrument is needed to measure patients' severity of dependence. This study aimed to assess the reliability and validity of the Persian version of the "Substance Dependence Severity Scale" (SDSS). Methods: After tr...