in this article naser al-din shah’s accounts of travels to europe (safar-nameh) have bee examined and criticised in a discourse analysis approach. by using this approach, attention has been paid to linguistic factors, co-text and context of the situation (social, cultural, political and historical), and institutional position, as well as the writer's attitude which has been effective in informi...

In cognitive studies on metaphor, the elements and relations responsible for the linguistic instantiations of conceptual metaphors are investigated on the conceptual level of crossdomain mappings. Though the cognitive approach devises strategies to model the inference patterns necessary to understand metaphorical constructions, it has not devised machinery to model the links between metaphorica...

this study explored the nature of transfer among bilingual vs. trilinguals with varying levels of competence in english and their previous languages. the hypotheses were tested in writing tasks designed for 75 high (n= 35) vs. intermediate (n=40) proficient efl learners with turkish, persian, english and persian, english linguistic backgrounds. qualitative data were also collected through some ...

This research tries to investigate and identify firstly some existing obstacles in the process of translating inter-lingual idiomatic pairs, and then to suggest some weighty theoretical strategies to overcome such difficulties. Following Mona Baker's (1992) classification of difficulties and strategies and the related subcategories mentioned, the present study makes an effort to analyze such cl...

This work presents a study of linguistically-informed features for the automatic quality estimation of machine translations. In particular, we address the problem of estimating quality when no reference translations are available, as this is the most common case in real world situations. Unlike previous attempts that make use of internal information from translation systems or rely on purely sh...

There is an obvious trade-off between the amount of gained information from user surveys and low cost time efforts survey. In this study, we propose a Parsimonious Best Worst Method (P-BWM) to unburden evaluators large number pairwise comparisons originated by numerous factors alternatives required (BWM) in complex decision problems. The new BWM model assigns priorities many elements contrastin...