From the fourth century A.D. until the fall of Constantinople in 1453, the people of the Byzantine or Eastern Roman Empire participated in a wide range of sports and physical recreations. Most of these activities were inherited from Greek and Roman civilizations, or were introduced through contacts with Asia Minor and Crusading Europe. Some sport forms disappeared after a few centuries, while o...

the public bathhouses are included in buildings as public utilities that have been expanded throughout islamic realm by arising islamic religion that cleaning is the preamble for most of its rites. unfortunately, from the beginning of islamic period until 8th hegira century (15th ad century) no stable sample of public bathhouses remained in iran, but many public bathhouses have still remained f...

Capital expenditures are a critical part of hospitals' efforts to maintain quality of patient care and financial stability. Over the past 20 years, finding capital to fund these expenditures has become increasingly challenging for hospitals, particularly independent hospitals. Independent hospitals struggling to find ways to fund necessary capital investment are often advised that their best st...

There are many demonstrations of political interrelation of Turk kaganate and Mongol empire. The article deals with one of the points of Turk-Mongol interrelation as the ceremony of ascending the khan to the throne. It is historically proved that the ascending to the throne ceremony takes origin from Turk kaganate period by comparing the materials, concerning the facts of the history of both st...

A great Empire Health Congress is about to be held at Wembley where, among many other remarkable things, there is a series of exhibits relating to tropical diseases of such importance that the King directed attention to them in the speech in which he opened the Exhibition. The British Empire has been the pioneer in sanitary enterprise, and it must be at once its duty and its pride to preserve a...

This study utilizes regression discontinuity to examine the long run impacts of the mita, an extensive forced mining labor system in effect in Peru and Bolivia between 1573 and 1812. Results indicate that a mita effect lowers household consumption by around one third in subjected districts today. Using data from the Spanish Empire and Peruvian Republic to trace channels of institutional persist...

THE STRUCTURE, FUNCTION(S) and symbolism of early medieval (9th-10th centuries ad) fortified settlements from central Europe, in particular today's Austria, Hungary, Czech Republic and Slovakia, are examined in this paper. It offers an overview of the current state of research together with new insights based on analysis of the site of Gars-Thunau in Lower Austria. Special emphasis is given to ...