This article provides an overview on recent progress in the green synthesis of cyclic carbonates (CCs) from carbon dioxide (CO2) catalyzed by chlorine-free catalysts. Special emphasis is placed on the synthetic routes and catalyst structures that govern the reactivity and selectivity.

The presence of isotopically light carbonates in association with fine-grained magnetite is considered to be primarily due to the reduction of Fe(III) by Fe(III)-reducing bacteria in the environment. Here, we report on magnetite formation by biooxidation of Fe(II) coupled to denitrification. This metabolism offers an alternative environmental source of biogenic magnetite.

Dolomite, a mineral composed of magnesium and calcium carbonates, potentiates the antitumoral activity of bleomycin: While 40 days after inoculation, no mice survived the Ehrlich ascites tumor burden, 44% of them survived it after bleomycin treatment, and 63% after a simultaneous treatment of bleomycin and dolomite. The beneficial antitumor effect of dolomite is probably related to its high con...

We report mixed carbonates as enzyme substrates and demonstrate their application as fluorogenic probes for lipase and esterase enantiopreference screening. By the application of pseudoenantiomers with distinct fluorescence behaviors, it is possible to evaluate the activity and enantiopreference of hydrolytic enzymes. In order to validate our method, enantioselectivities calculated from fluorom...

A bifunctional cationic porous organic polymer based on a Salen-(Al) metalloligand (Al-CPOP) containing imidazolium functionality exhibited enhanced activity and good recyclability in the cycloaddition of carbon dioxide to produce cyclic carbonates without the addition of co-catalysts at atmospheric pressure.

The palladium(0) catalysed allylation reactions of allylic carbonates with chiral sulfinamide anions to give unstable allylic sulfinamide products are described. These products are readily converted to stable, chiral Nbenzoyl or N-tosyl allylic amine derivatives with poor to modest enantiomeric purities (ee 23-41%).

The first asymmetric organocatalytic allylic alkylation of 1,2-dihydro-Reissert compounds and Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) carbonates has been developed, which provided a novel protocol to construct enantioenriched functionalized 1,2-dihydroisoquinolines bearing vicinal quaternary and tertiary chiral centers at C-1 position (up to 94% ee, dr > 20 : 1).

We report highly chemo- and regioselective reductive transpositions of methyl carbonates to furnish olefin products with complementary regioselectivity to that of established Pd-catalysis. These Rh- and Ir-catalysed transformations proceed under mild conditions and enable selective deoxygenation in the presence of functional groups that are susceptible to reduction by metal hydrides.

2.1. Solvents 4307 2.1.1. Propylene Carbonate (PC) 4308 2.1.2. Ethers 4308 2.1.3. Ethylene Carbonate (EC) 4309 2.1.4. Linear Dialkyl Carbonates 4310 2.2. Lithium Salts 4310 2.2.1. Lithium Perchlorate (LiClO4) 4311 2.2.2. Lithium Hexafluoroarsenate (LiAsF6) 4312 2.2.3. Lithium Tetrafluoroborate (LiBF4) 4312 2.2.4. Lithium Trifluoromethanesulfonate (LiTf) 4312 2.2.5. Lithium Bis(trifluoromethanes...

One-pot synthesis of well-defined bio-renewable polyesters and cyclic carbonates in high yields was successfully realized for the first time by way of a tandem reaction using metal salen complexes as catalysts. This tandem process offered unprecedented opportunities for the atom-efficient production of two relevant compounds.