background: ratio of second and fourth digit (2d:4d) is known to be germane in analyzing utero concentrations of testosterone and estrogen in human and other vertebrates. 2d:4d had been linked several traits like athletes’ abilities, reproductive success, risk of cancer and cardiovascular disease (cvd). metabolic syndrome (mets) is a clustering of several cardiovascular risk factors. waist ci...

conclusions: the environmental factors were barriers for doing healthy behaviors. these factors need to be considered to design health promotion interventions. policymakers should not only focus on patients’ education but also should provide specific facilities to enhance economic, social and cultural status. results: lack of behaviors like stress control, healthy eating and physical activity w...

purpose oligo/amenorrhea, as a part of the female athlete triad has adverse effects on the athlete's bone mineral density (bmd) and cardiovascular system. hypoestrogenism, due to suppression of hypothalamus-pituitary axis (hpa) as a result of energy imbalance, is the possible cause of the triad. this study was designed based on following up and reassessment of elite female athletes who were dia...

background: coronary artery disease (cad) is accountable for more than 30% of deaths worldwide and is, thus, deemed the most important factor in terms of disease burden around the globe. this study aimed to evaluate cad and its risk factors in hospitalized patients in the east azerbaijan province, northwest iran, from 2006 to 2007. methods: data on 18.323 patients hospitalized due to cardiovasc...

background: despite the positive impact of cardiac rehabilitation (cr) on quality of life and mortality, the majority of people who could benefit from this program fail to participate in it. the lack of referral from the physician is a common reason that patients give for not seeking cr. the objective of this study was to compare factors affecting cr referral by cardiologists. methods: a cross-...

the purpose of this study was to determine whether a 45 bp insertion/deletion (i/d) polymorphism in human uncoupling protein 2 (hucp2) gene was associated with changes in several cardiovascular risk and physical fitness factors in response to combined exercise during 12 weeks in korean middle-aged women. the changes in physiological parameters after combined exercise during 12 weeks were compar...

background: metabolic syndrome (ms) is the syndrome closely related to cardiovascular disease (cvd) risk factors. few prospective studies have compared the impact of dynamic changes of ms on the development of cardiovascular diseases (cvd). methods: overall, 3461 subjects were recruited from a cohort study on prevention of multiple metabolic disorders and ms in jiangsu of china (pmmjs) with a f...

background postprandial lipemia has been found to be strongly associated with atherosclerosis due to its atherogenic and thrombogenic lipoprotein changes. this phenomenon occurs even in normal subjects especially after high fat meals. orlistat, an anti- obesity drug, has been shown to address postprandial lipemia after a single high fat meal. objectives to compare the effects of orlistat and pl...

background: consuming the preloads reduce energy intake within a meal, but no investigation has assessed the changes of body weight and cardiovascular (cvd) risks by consuming preload during a long term among overweight and obese subjects. methods: this randomized controlled parallel clinical trial conducted among 60 participants (25 men and 35 women) to consume a low-calorie diet with similar ...

background: migraine with aura (ma) has been identified as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. previous observation has also found higher prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in migraineurs without aura (mo), but the results have been conflicting. the present study was conducted to assess the association between cardiovascular risk factors and migraine without aura among iranians. me...