Changes in load and distributed generation low voltage distribution systems (LVDS) have made the individual consumer offtake highly uncertain for system operator. In order to accurately determine hosting capacity of such systems, congestion related stochastic indices, e.g. probability undervoltage overvoltage, must be calculated. These require either too many deterministic calculations (simulat...

Monte Carlo (MC) techniques are often used to estimate integrals of a multivariate function using randomly generated samples of the function. In light of the increasing interest in uncertainty quantification and robust design applications in aerospace engineering, the calculation of expected values of such functions (e.g. performance measures) becomes important. However, MC techniques often su ...

To improve the seismic connectivity reliability (SCR) analysis efficiency of water distribution systems (WDS) based on Monte Carlo (MC) simulation, quasi-Monte (QMC) method sampled by a low-discrepancy sequence is applied. Furthermore, parallel algorithm combined with breadth-first search for SCR WDS QMC and Compute Unified Device Architecture (CUDA) platform was proposed. A city taken as compu...

The distribution of light in the canopy is a major factor regulating the growth and development of a plant. The main variables of interest are the amount of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) reachingdifferent elements of the plant canopy, and the quality (spectral composition) of light reaching these elements. A light environment model based onMonte Carlo (MC) path tracing of photons, c...

PURPOSE To obtain the absolute dose-rate distribution in liquid water for all six cup-shaped Leipzig applicators by means of an experimentally validated Monte Carlo (MC) code. These six applicators were used in high-dose-rate (HDR) afterloaders with the "classic" and v2 (192)Ir sources. The applicators have an inner diameter of 1, 2, and 3 cm, with the source traveling parallel or perpendicular...

introduction: in recent decades, several monte carlo codes have been introduced for research and medical applications. these methods provide both accurate and detailed calculation of particle transport from linear accelerators. the main drawback of monte carlo techniques is the extremely long computing time that is required in order to obtain a dose distribution with good statistical accuracy. ...

Objective The aim of the present study is to simulate 6 MV and 18 MV photon beam energies of a Siemens Primus Plus medical linear accelerator (Linac) and to verify the simulation by comparing the results with the measured data. Methods The main components of the head of Siemens Primus Plus linac were simulated using MCNPX Monte Carlo (MC) code. To verify the results, experimental data of perc...

Background: The dosimetric parameters required in lung cancer radiation therapy are taken from a homogeneous water phantom; however, during treatment, the expected results are being affected because of its inhomogeneity. Therefore, it becomes necessary to quantify these deviations.Objective: The present study has been undertaken to find out inter- and intra- lung density variations and its dosi...

Photoplethysmography (PPG) is an optical technique for detection of blood volume changes in the microvascular bed a biological tissue. Many aspects PPG signal formation are still unclear. In particular, it not known how shape registered depends on geometry tissue illumination. The aim this study to model waveform using Monte Carlo (MC) method. For this, we developed three-layer skin reflectance...

Formula-based analysis of communication links with time-varying channels and adaptive equalizers is not always tractable Monte Carlo simulation must be used to obtain bit error rate (BER) estimates of the system. Conventional Monte Carlo simulation will not provide estimates for low BER's due to excessive run time. Although importance sampling (IS) techniques offer the potential for large speed...