Introduction: Pseudohypoaldosteronism (PHA) is a rare form of salt­wasting syndrome, caused by peripheral resistance to aldosterone. PHA is of three types: PHA type 1, 2, 3. Pseudohypoaldosteronism type 1 (PHA1) is further differentiated into, (i) hereditary forms, autosomal recessive and dominant, which are caused by epithelial sodium channel and mineralocorticoid receptor mutations respective...

Cardiovascular involvement of amyloidosis is present in 90% of cases, which is frequently associated with the primary form of the disease (AL amyloidosis). Clinical manifestations are represented by heart failure due to restrictive myocardiopathy and electrical impulse conduction abnormalities, which are clinically remarkable in up to 50% of the cases. The prognosis of patients with systemic am...

Depression is highly prevalent and one of the major contributors to disability worldwide. However, one of the findings from the DSM-5 field trials was that inter-rater reliability for diagnosing major depressive disorder was very poor. Why is diagnosing MDD so challenging? This article attempts to explain why undefined pathogenesis and complicated phenotypes complicate the diagnosis of MDD. How...

Pevzner and Sze(19) have introduced the Planted (l,d)-Motif Problem to find similar patterns (motifs) in sequences which represent the promoter regions of co-regulated genes, where l is the length of the motif and d is the maximum Hamming distance around the similar patterns. Many algorithms have been developed to solve this motif problem. However, these algorithms either have long running time...