The font evolution with various types is a great impact on a recognition performance of optical character recognition (OCR) systems. The more diversity of fonts leads to the less accuracy of recognition rate, particularly Thai-fonts. In order to overcome this obstacle, this paper proposes a font descriptor for printed Thai-character recognition. The role of such a descriptor is a representative...

A coding procedure is presented for secondary chemical data whereby putative biogenetic pathways are coded as phylogenetic characters with enzymatic conversions between compounds representing the corresponding character states. A character state tree or stepmatrix allows direct representation of the secondary chemical biogenetic pathway and avoids problems of non-independence associated with co...

All alphanumeric characters can be written in certain styles with strokes of di erent shapes and positions. An on-line handwritten character written on a digitizing tablet is represented as a sequence of strokes, which are the loci of the pen tip from its pen-down to pen-up positions. In this paper, we present an approach to on-line handwritten alphanumeric character recognition based on sequen...

The single most difficult problem in phylogenetic analysis is deciding whether a shared taxonomic character is due to common ancestry or one that appeared independently due to convergence, parallelism, or reversion to an ancestral state. Mammalian L1 retrotransposons undergo periodic amplifications in which multiple copies of the elements are interspersed in the genome. Because these elements a...

In the evolution processes of wind blown sand movement and aeolian geomorphology, it always contains some complex behaviors, for example, the nonlinear character of turbulence and attractors, the stochastic character of wind gust, liftoff and movement of sand, the interaction among wind field, sand movement, electric field in wind blown sand flux and thermal diffusion, multi-scale character fro...

The ratio between the length of the 2nd and 4th digit (2D:4D) is sexually dimorphic, with mean male 2D:4D lower than mean female 2D:4D. It recently was suggested that 2D:4D is negatively correlated with prenatal testosterone and positively correlated with prenatal estrogen. It is argued that high prenatal testosterone and low estrogen (indicated by low 2D:4D) favors the male fetus and low prena...

Discrete, version 1.01b (Pagel, 1997), is a DOS-based program that can be used to estimate individual ancestral values. Discrete was written to test for correlated evolution between twodiscrete characters, andproducing ancestor reconstructions in such away requires several steps. First, Discrete deals with two characters at a time; therefore, for thepurposes of estimating ancestors for a single...

Our understanding of insect development and evolution has increased greatly due to recent advances in the comparative developmental approach. Modem developmental biology techniques such as in situ hybridization and molecular analysis of developmentally important genes and gene families have greatly facilitated these advances. The role of the comparative developmental approach in insect systemat...