The United States and Biological Warfare is about accusations that the United States resorted to bacteriological warfare at a time of great military stress during the Korean War. In December 1951, the then US Secretary of Defense ordered early readiness for offensive use of biological weapons. Soon afterwards, the North Korean and Chinese armies accused the United States of starting a large-sca...

Due to the lack of explicit word boundaries in Chinese, and Japanese, and to some extent in Korean, an additional problem in IR in these languages is to determine the appropriate indexing units. For CLIR with these languages, we also need to determine translation units. Both words and ngrams of characters have been used in IR in these languages; however, only words have been used as translation...

This article offers an empirical study on the different ways of encoding Chinese, Japanese, Korean (CJK) and English languages for text classification. Different encoding levels are studied, including UTF-8 bytes, characters, words, romanized characters and romanized words. For all encoding levels, whenever applicable, we provide comparisons with linear models, fastText (Joulin et al., 2016) an...

Recently, new methods have been developed for estimating the current and recent changes in effective population sizes. Based on the methods, the effective population sizes of Korean populations were estimated using data from the Korean Association Resource (KARE) project. The overall changes in the population sizes of the total populations were similar to CHB (Han Chinese in Beijing, China) and...

In this study, we compare the association of marital satisfaction with the division of labor between husband and wife in Asia, based on Chinese, Japanese, and Korean General Social Surveys in 2006 (N = 2,346, 997, and 990, respectively). Results show that in all three countries, wives are less satisfied than husbands with marriage, mainly because wives do disproportionately more housework than ...

This study presents comparisons of ethnic difference in anthropometric characteristics among four peoples, i.e., Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and Taiwanese, in East Asia. Anthropometric data from the four East Asian countries were compared. The means of 33 body dimensions and 31 bodily proportions are presented. Also, 15 segmental proportions are illustrated. The results of statistical analyses s...

Results Integrative medicine practices are increasingly popular in both China and Korea. 81.6% of Chinese medicine doctors and 32% of Western medicine doctors report experience with integrative medicine in China. In contrast, while 74% of Traditional doctors report experience with integrative medicine in South Korea, WM doctors in South Korea reported none. Doctors in China gave a slightly high...

Unlike conventional activation-based brain mapping, multivariate (or multi-voxel) pattern analysis (MVPA) has been widely used to accurately predict behavioral variables encoded in a neuronal system. Our research based on MVPA attempts to prove whether it is possible to identify the semantic neural representation when performing language switching. Five early Korean-Chinese bilinguals participa...

Ginseng is a deciduous perennial plant that is cultivated in East Asia and North America, and is commonly used as a herbal medicine in East Asian countries (1). The most commonly used types of ginseng are American ginseng (Panax qinquefolius), and white and red ginseng, which are prepared from Chinese/Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng). Several studies have suggested that ginseng root may prevent t...

This paper first describes various strategies (character, bigram, automatic segmentation) used to index the Chinese (ZH), Japanese (JA) and Korean (KR) languages. Second, based on the NTCIR-5 testcollections, it evaluates various retrieval models, varying from classical vector-space models to more recent developments in probabilistic and language models. While no clear conclusion was reached fo...