Speciation behavior of trihalomethanes formation in chlorinated waters due to the effects of bromide is mathematically modeled by a three-tier scheme. Equations for the mole fractions of the mono-, di-, and trihalo-intermediates at each tier level in terms of the initial bromide to chlorine molar ratio are derived and verified by comparison with results of other theoretical studies based on an ...

Conventional drinking water production includes coagulation-flocculation, settling followed by sand filtration and chlorine disinfection. In order to avoid algae proliferation, pre and intermediate chlorination is usually effected. During these previous oxidation steps, water contains higher loads of organics; thus formation of chlorinated disinfection by products (DBP), such as trihalomethanes...

A series of four anhydrous group 13 chloride salts has been studied by (35/37)Cl solid-state NMR spectroscopy and complementary quantum chemical calculations. Due to the large (35/37)Cl quadrupolar interactions in these salts, a high magnetic field (21.1 T) and the variable-offset QCPMG technique was used to obtain full chlorine central transition (m = -1/2 <--> 1/2) NMR spectra. Analyses of th...

ADEQUATE protection of swimming pool waters has been of paramount importance for many years to health officials who are charged with responsibility for the safety and health of the public. The use of the chlorine compounds or of chlorine gas has been written into practically every regulation concerned with the disinfection of drinking water. The limitations of chlorine for swimming pool water t...

Abstract The sequential use of disinfection strategies for drinking water treatments has been shown to provide levels of inactivation greater than those corresponding to the single-step disinfection effects (Corona-Vasquez et al., 2002; EPA, 1999). Therefore, a disinfectants combined system could be applied both for the inactivation of microorganisms, resistant to traditional treatments, and al...

Chlorine is a reactive gas that is considered a chemical threat agent. Humans who develop acute lung injury from chlorine inhalation typically recover normal lung function; however, a subset can experience chronic airway disease. To examine pathological changes following chlorine-induced lung injury, mice were exposed to a single high dose of chlorine, and repair of the lung was analyzed at mul...

The effects of high chlorine levels in drinking water upon the total activity of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and its isoenzymes (LDH1-LDH5) in the blood plasma before and after 30 days of exposure of two-month old Slovak merino lambs were investigated. Gaseous chlorine and Savo-Super were used to achieve an active chlorine level of 1.8 mg per liter of drinking water per animal and day. Water wa...

Pressure-volume-temperature data, along with dielectric relaxation measurements, are reported for a series of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB), differing in the number of chlorine atoms on their phenyl rings. Analysis of the results reveals that with increasing chlorine content, the relaxation times of the PCB become governed to a greater degree by density rho relative to the effect of temperatu...

The solvent effect of 4 concentrations of sodium hypochlorite (0.5, 1.0, 2.5, and 5.0%) on bovine pulp tissue and the level of residual chlorine, pH and surface tension before and after dissolution were studied in vitro. A fragment of bovine pulp was submersed in sodium hypochlorite that circulated in an apparatus with a peristaltic pump and Luer Lok syringe. The higher the concentration of sod...

Millions of people worldwide enjoy swimming pool activities every year. Traditionally, chlorine-containing chemicals have been used as the sanitizing agent. Some chlorine containing chemicals used include chlorine gas, sodium hypochlorite, calcium hypochlorite, lithium hypochlorite, and chlorinated isocyanurates. These chemicals enter the pool as a concentrated solution, or in the form of hypoc...