Closed string physical states are BRST cohomology classes computed on the space of states annihilated by b−0 . Since b − 0 does not commute with the operations of picture changing, BRST cohomologies at different pictures need not agree. We show explicitly that RamondRamond (RR) zero-momentum physical states are inequivalent at different pictures, and prove that non-zero momentum physical states...

We consider compactifications of type II string theory in which a d-dimensional torus is fibered over a base X. In string theory, the transition functions of this fibration need not be simply diffeomorphisms of T d but can involve elements of the T-duality group Spin(d, d,Z). We precisely define the notion of a T-fold with NSNS flux. Given such a T-fold, we define the Z2-graded cohomology theor...

Optimal nutrient management is critical for optimizing flowering, yield, quality and improving soil health. A key approach making chrysanthemum crop cultivation profitable balanced fertigation at the right time. This possible by through drip. The present study was designed in 2019–2021 a model floriculture center, Pantnagar, to investigate response of split application NPK drip on flowering att...

BACKGROUND Plant-based foods have been used in traditional health systems to treat diabetes mellitus. The successful prevention of the onset of diabetes consists in controlling postprandial hyperglycemia by the inhibition of α-glucosidase and pancreatic α-amylase activities, resulting in aggressive delay of carbohydrate digestion to absorbable monosaccharide. In this study, five plant-based foo...

In the production and breeding of Chrysanthemum sp., shoot branching is an important quality aspect as the outgrowth of axillary buds determines the final plant shape. Bud outgrowth is mainly controlled by apical dominance and the crosstalk between the plant hormones auxin, cytokinin and strigolactone. In this work the hormonal and genetic regulation of axillary bud outgrowth was studied in two...

Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) is a popular and powerful tool used to understand the molecular mechanisms of flower development. However, the accuracy of this approach depends on the stability of reference genes. The capitulum of chrysanthemums is very special, which is consisting of ray florets and disc florets. There are obvious differences between the two types of florets in symmetry, gen...

Temperature plays a significant role in the annual cycling between growth and dormancy of the herbaceous perennial chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium Ramat.). After exposure to high summer temperatures, cool temperature triggers dormancy. The cessation of flowering and rosette formation by the cessation of elongation are characteristic of dormant plants, and can be stimulated by exogenous ...