The specificity of clinical toxicology has always raised many deontological, medico ethical and legal problems, mainly connected to communication barriers, leading to distortion or total disappearance of the ability of the intoxicated patient to perceive and process the received information about his state and necessity of treatment, to agree or refuse medical help, to permit announcing data ab...

Immunoassays are useful laboratory methods for clinical and forensic toxicology diagnostics. The methods are fast, sensitive, accurate and let determine poisons concentrations in different kinds of biological fluids. There are blood and urine or alternative: saliva, sweat and hair. The choice of the sample depends on the purpose of analysis. In acute poisoning the blood or serum poison concentr...

The use of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) has recently exploded in various analytic fields, including toxicology and therapeutic drug monitoring (although still far behind pharmacokinetics). There is no doubt that LC-MS is currently competing with gas chromatography (GC)-MS for the status of the reference analytic technique in toxicology. This review presents, for the nonspecia...

BACKGROUND Methanol poisoning is on the rise and has been associated with high morbidity and mortality; it has resulted in growing research in the field of toxicology. The aim of this study was to reveal underlying patterns in scientific outputs related to methanol poisoning at the global level by evaluating different bibliometric indices. METHODS We searched for publications that contained s...

leflunomide (lef), used for rheumatoid arthritis, inhibits dihydro-orotate dehydrogenase (dhodh) and tyrosine kinase (tk) enzymes and has anti-inflammatory, lymphocyte proliferation regulatory, immunosuppression and chondroprotective effects. the most common adverse effects are gastrointestinal disorders, weight loss, hypertension, skin infection, and neurological and hematological toxicity. it...

OBJECTIVE Every year, toxic exposures kill 1200 Americans. To aid in the timely diagnosis and treatment of such exposures, this research investigates the feasibility of a knowledge-based system capable of generating differential diagnoses for human exposures involving unknown toxins. METHODS Data mining techniques automatically extract prior probabilities and likelihood ratios from a database...

Since the human genome decoding, understanding and identification of genetic disturbances behind many diseases, including cancer, are intensively increasing. Scientific and technological advances in this area trigger the search for therapeutic (curative) approaches targeting the correction of gene disturbances. Gene therapy medicinal products (GTMPs) emerge in this context, bringing new challen...

OBJECTIVE To review the diagnosis and management of drug overdose and poisonings in a two-part presentation. DATA SOURCES A review of articles reported on drug overdose and poisonings. SUMMARY OF REVIEW In patients who attempt suicide it is usual for the overdose to be a therapeutic agent, although in the severely mentally disturbed patient the agent may be an unusual poison. As with any ov...

Background: Overdoses with cardiovascular drugs are related with significant morbidity and mortality. Beta-adrenergic blockers, calcium-channel blockers (CCBs), thiazide, digoxin and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors represent five of the most important classes of cardiovascular drugs. Overdoses with cardiovascular drugs are typically caused by exploratory ingestion by children or ...