The review generalizes experimental data on the relationships between solar activity agents (space weather) and atmosphere constituents. It is shown that high-energy protons (SPE) make a powerful impact photo-chemical processes in polar areas and, correspondingly, atmospheric circulation planetary cloudiness. Variations of UV irradiance modulate descent rate zonal wind equatorial stratosphere c...

Current climate models demonstrate large discrepancy in equilibrium sensitivity (ECS). The effects of cloudiness parameterization changes on the ECS INM-CM4-8 model were investigated. This shows lowest among CMIP6 models. Reasonable degree yielded variability 1.8–4.1 K INM-CM4-8, which was more than half interval for three principal mechanisms responsible increased dissipation warmer climates d...

The sensitivity of photosynthesis to environmental changes is essential for understanding carbon cycle responses global climate change and the development modeling approaches that explains its spatial temporal variability. We collected a large variety published functions gross primary productivity (GPP) different forcing variables assess response GPP factors. These include temperature; vapor pr...

Abstract. Clouds are an important component of the climate system, yet our understanding how they directly and indirectly affect glacier melt in different climates is incomplete. Here we analyse high-quality datasets from 16 mountain glaciers diverse around globe to better understand relationships between clouds near-surface meteorology, radiation surface energy balance vary. The seasonal cycle...

weather predicts are influence in all aspects of life everyday. more importantly weather warnings are important forecasts because they are used to protect life and property. mesoscale numerical weather prediction models are key for weather forecasting, however the accuracy of the predictions are affected by the errors in the numerical models.study of the clouds is challenging and there are many...

Clouds play a crucial role in radiative energy budget and water cycle in the earth-atmosphere system. In order to understand such processes as global warming and to improve assessment of climate change, it is necessary to develop climate models, which properly take into account radiation and cloud processes. In addition, it is also important to improve satellite monitoring systems for measuring...