We study the impact of heterogeneity of nodes in the zone conception of clustered Wireless Sensor Networks. Most of the classical heterogeneous clustering protocols consider the sensing field as a whole for cluster formation. Unlike the existing protocols, the proposed protocol creates rectangular fields called zones and the number of cluster heads elected depends on the zone size and the numbe...

The hierarchical routing protocol LEACH (Low Energy Adaptive Clustering Hierarchy) is referred to as the basic algorithm of distributed clustering protocols. LEACH allows clusters formation. Each cluster has a leader called Cluster Head (CH). The selection of CHs is made with a probabilistic calculation. It is supposed that each non-CH node join a cluster and becomes a cluster member. Neverthel...

Due to non uniform distribution of nodes, there is an imbalance of energy consumption among the nodes in cluster-based wireless sensor networks. Based on this problem, we propose an efficient data aggregation tree for communication and routing based on the previous clustering architecture. Here based on the parameters such as Residual Energy, Node Density and Load cluster heads are elected usin...

The longer network lifetime of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSNs) is a goal which is directly related to energy consumption. This energy consumption issue becomes more challenging when the energy load is not properly distributed in the sensing area. The hierarchal clustering architecture is the best choice for these kind of issues. In this paper, we introduce a novel clustering protocol called Mar...

OBJECTIVE To describe the results of deep brain stimulation of the ipsilateral posterior hypothalamus for the treatment of drug-resistant chronic cluster headaches (CHs). A technique for electrode placement is reported. METHODS Because recent functional studies suggested hypothalamic dysfunction as the cause of CH bouts, we explored the therapeutic effectiveness of posterior hypothalamic stim...

The interest in wireless sensor networks is growing and the development of energy efficient infrastructures for such networks is becoming increasingly important. In this paper we investigate the usefulness of enforcing a minimum separation distance between cluster heads in a cluster based sensor network, i.e. prolonging network lifetime by lowering the energy consumption. The simulations where ...

In wireless sensor networks, power is the most essential resource because each sensor node has limited batteries. Many kinds of existing clustering protocols have been developed to balance and maximize lifetime of the sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks. These protocols select cluster heads periodically, and they considered only ‘How can we select cluster heads energy-efficiently?’ or ‘Wha...

In multi-hop routing, cluster heads near the base station act as relays for far cluster heads and thus will deplete their energy very quickly. Thus, hot spots in the sensor field result. This paper introduces a new clustering algorithm named an Unequal Multi-hop Balanced Immune Clustering protocol (UMBIC) to solve the hot spot problem and improve the lifetime of small and large scale/homogeneou...

This paper describes a novel energy-aware multi-hop cluster-based fault-tolerant load balancing hierarchical routing protocol for a self-organizing wireless sensor network (WSN), which takes into account the broadcast nature of radio. The main idea is using hierarchical fuzzy soft clusters enabling non-exclusive overlapping clusters, thus allowing partial multiple membership of a node to more t...

The work proposed a three-layer framework is proposed for mobile data collection in wireless sensor networks, which contains sensor layer, cluster head layer, and mobile collector (called SenCar) layer. The framework employ distributed load balanced clustering and dual data uploading, which is referred to as LBC-DDU. The objective is to achieve good scalability, and low data collection latency....