Offshore breakwaters can be effective in reducing the energy of incident waves through dissipation, refraction or reflection. Breakwaters are increasingly constructed to stabilize eroded muddy coasts, particularly developing countries. Accumulation fine-grained sediment and wave attenuation two attributes a stable coast. Effective interventions stabilizing coasts include important elements: acc...

Abstract In this research, SPEI (standardized precipitation and evaporation index) was used as an alternative index to SPI to study drought in warm southern coastal regions of Iran. Drought has a multi-scale nature that can be analyzed in time scales via analysis of precipitation and temperature data. Therefore, data were colected from 105 synoptic stations in Iran in 2015; Respective stati...

www.sciencemag.org SCIENCE VOL 344 2 MAY 2014 COVER A blood star (Henricia leviuscula) near Whidbey Island, Washington state. It is one of 10 species of sea star that appear to be affected by a mysterious wasting syndrome on the west and east coasts of North America. Various levels of mortality have been confi rmed in 10 other species, making this the largest documented die-off of echinoderms. ...

By comparing the response of flat and bowl-shaped basins to fixed heat fluxes of various magnitudes, it is determined that coastal topography has a considerable damping influence upon internal decadal oscillations of the thermohaline circulation. It is proposed that this is because the adjustment of baroclinic currents to the no-normal-flow boundary condition at weakly stratified coasts is aide...

COVER The epicenter of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the United States has shifted from the East and West Coasts to the Deep South, where young black men who have sex with men are now becoming infected at a high rate. One of these men is Joshua Alexander, 25, shown here sitting in front of his mother’s house in Greenville, Mississippi. See the special section beginning on page 167. For the story beh...

The present work deals with storm classification, using the Storm Power Index, and beach morphological response to storm events in the Gulf of Cadiz (SW Spain). Over the 1958–2001 period, 377 events divided into five classes ranging from ‘weak’ to ‘extreme’ were characterized. Classes I (weak) and II (moderate) accounted for 60% and 23% of events, respectively. Class III (significant), were 9% ...

L use has an enormous impact on the coastal aquatic system of the Chesapeake Bay, Maryland, USA.The problems associated with land use and land management practices on the Chesapeake Bay are amplified by the high ratio of land to water. Thus, widespread land use changes significantly impact the bay’s hydrology, water quality and ecology.These impacts promoted a sequence of management initiatives...

Changes in coastal upwelling strength have been widely studied since 1990 when Bakun proposed that global warming can induce the intensification of upwelling in coastal areas. Whether present wind trends support this hypothesis remains controversial, as results of previous studies seem to depend on the study area, the length of the time series, the season, and even the database used. In this st...

Hourly sea level records from 1954 to 2012 at 20 tide gauges at and adjacent to the Chinese coasts are used to analyze extremes in sea level and in tidal residual. Tides and tropical cyclones determine the spatial distribution of sea level maxima. Tidal residual maxima are predominantly determined by tropical cyclones. The 50 year return level is found to be sensitive to the number of extreme e...