Cost reduction is one of the methods applied for improving the productivity of organizations. In productivity literature, particularly in nonparametric methods, cost reduction related methods are regarded as input oriented models. This paper presents a Supply Chain Management (SCM) model in which purchasing iron ore and coke from different resources, along with production and distribution of st...

The Clean Coal Technology (CCT) Demonstration Program is a government and industry co-funded effort to demonstrate a new generation of innovative coal utilization processes in a series of " showcase " facilities built across the country. These projects are carried out on a sufficiently large scale to prove commercial worthiness and generate data for design, construction, operation, and technica...

We created a coke-repellent inner surface in stainless steel (SS-321) tube using an enhanced chemical etching tactic. A water-borne solution was formulated by combining ion sequestering ligand (L), hydrogen peroxide (H), hydrochloric acid (C), and stabilizing agent (E or N). Three etchants, LHC, LHC-E, LHC-N, were therefore formulated, respectively. The metal surfaces achieved these etchants al...