DEFINITION Shock is a dramatic syndrome in which the circulatory supply of oxygen does not meet the metabolic demands of vital organs and tissues. There are five major types of shock observed: hypovolemic, septic, cardiogenic, distributive, and obstructive (see Table 1). PATHOPHYSIOLOGY An initial insult triggers shock disrupting blood flow to end organs leading to inadequate tissue perfusion. ...

It is well known that cold environments are predominant over the Earth and there are a great number of reports analyzing bacterial adaptations to cold. Most of these works are focused on characteristics traditionally involved in cold adaptation, such as the structural adjustment of enzymes, maintenance of membrane fluidity, expression of cold shock proteins and presence of compatible solutes. R...

The release of gentamicin adenine mononucleotide transferase during single, cold, osmotic-shock treatment of Escherichia coli K-12 W677/HJR66 is not always maximal. The quantity of gentamicin adenine mononucleotide transferase in osmotic extracts could be significantly increased when a double-shock procedure was performed.

Two principal forms of temperature-control strategies have evolved, i.e., poikilothermic and homeothermic life. Even in homeothermic animals, the temperature field of the body is not homogeneous. These observed temperature differences can affect cellular function directly or via the expression of heat shock or cold shock proteins.

Correction for 'Cold shock induces apoptosis of dorsal root ganglion neurons plated on infrared windows' by Ebrahim Aboualizadeh et al., Analyst, 2015, 140, 4046-4056.

Ectotherms commonly adjust storage and membrane lipid composition to ambient temperature to counteract detrimental thermal effects on lipid fluidity. The effect of repeated temperature fluctuations on fatty acid composition and thermal tolerance was investigated. We exposed Orchesella cincta to two constant temperatures (5ºC and 20°C), and a continuously fluctuating treatment (5ºC/20ºC every tw...

The effects of low-temperature stress on the glycolytic activity of the lactic acid bacterium Lactococcus lactis were studied. The maximal glycolytic activity measured at 30 degrees C increased approximately 2.5-fold following a shift from 30 to 10 degrees C for 4 h in a process that required protein synthesis. Analysis of cold adaptation of strains with genes involved in sugar metabolism disru...

Many organisms are exposed to harsh environmental conditions that may impair the operation of vital neuronal circuits and imperil the animal before these conditions directly cause cell and tissue death. Prior exposure to extreme but sub-lethal stress has long-term effects on neural circuit function enabling motor pattern generators to operate under previously non-permissive conditions. Using se...

SYNOPSIS. Many organisms are exposed to harsh environmental conditions that may impair the operation of vital neuronal circuits and imperil the animal before these conditions directly cause cell and tissue death. Prior exposure to extreme but sub-lethal stress has long-term effects on neural circuit function enabling motor pattern generators to operate under previously non-permissive conditions...

BACKGROUND Genetic variability in the regulation of the nitric oxide (NO) pathway may influence hemodynamic changes in pediatric sepsis. We sought to determine whether functional polymorphisms in DDAH2, which metabolizes the NO synthase inhibitor asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), are associated with susceptibility to sepsis, plasma ADMA, distinct hemodynamic states, and vasopressor requiremen...