To study the relation between structure and vascular reactivity in mature coronary collateral arteries, we prepared 17 dogs with a casein occluder near the origin of the circumflex coronary artery. At least 24 weeks later, we examined the reactivity of surface collateral arteries (-500 ,um i.d.) to a range of constrictor and dilator agents and compared them with normal left anterior descending ...

OBJECTIVES Formation of collateral circulation is an endogenous response to atherosclerosis, and is a natural escape mechanism by re-routing blood. Inflammatory response- related genes underlie the formation of coronary collaterals. We explored the genetic basis of collateral formation in man postulating interaction networks between functional Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) in these inf...

BACKGROUND The use of ultrathin Doppler angioplasty guidewires has made it possible to measure collateral flow quantitatively. Pharmacologic interventions have been shown to influence collateral flow and, thus, to affect myocardial ischaemia. METHODS Twenty-five patients with coronary artery disease undergoing PTCA were included in the present analysis. Coronary flow velocities were measured ...

AIMS Myocardial blood flow (MBF) is the gold standard to assess myocardial blood supply and, as recently shown, can be obtained by myocardial contrast echocardiography (MCE). The aims of this human study are (i) to test whether measurements of collateral-derived MBF by MCE are feasible during elective angioplasty and (ii) to validate the concept of pressure-derived collateral-flow assessment. ...

BACKGROUND Coronary collateral circulation plays an important role to protect myocardium from ischemia, preserve myocardial contractility and reduce cardiovascular events. Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is associated with poor coronary collateral development and cardiovascular outcome. However, limited research investigates the predictors for collateral development in the CKD population. METHOD...

Background:It is well known that collateral circulation has important roles in ischemic heart diseases. The method most commonly used at present to evaluate collateral flow is coronary angiography. However, there are debates about the functional significance of angiographically visible collaterals because angiography visualizes only vessels that are larger than 100um in diameter. Recent studies...

BACKGROUND The medial ulnar collateral ligament is the major soft tissue restraint to valgus displacement of the elbow. Currently, little has been published regarding the medial ulnar collateral ligament's ulnar footprint. HYPOTHESIS The medial ulnar collateral ligament has a long attachment onto the ulna and the anatomy of the footprint is consistent. STUDY DESIGN Descriptive laboratory st...

Survivin is essential to angiogenesis and revascularization, but its role in coronary collateral formation remains unclear. The role of survivin in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) of coronary chronic total occlusion (CTO) patients was investigated. Coronary CTO patients (n=46; mean age 60.1±8.5, male 54.3%) (CTO group) and normal control patients (n=18; mean age 58.0±10.0, male 55.6%...

Both collateral vessel enlargement (arteriogenesis) and capillary growth (angiogenesis) in skeletal muscle occur in response to exercise training. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is implicated in both processes. Thus we examined the effect of a VEGF receptor (VEGF-R) inhibitor (ZD4190, AstraZeneca) on collateral-dependent blood flow in vivo and collateral artery size ex vivo (indicato...

There is long-standing theoretical debate on the role of collateral in …nancial markets. There is no satisfactory evidence of the causal relationship (if any) between the amount of collateral required and the subsequent probability of overdues. We analyze an exogenous change in the number of cosigners required as collateral on small loans in South India. Our regression discontinuity approach re...