study of collective actions is related to some of the most important issues in contemporary sociology such as cooperation, collective decision making, emergence of social norms etc. this paper in four steps presents a framework for studying collective actions. these steps are related to characteristics of collective actions (cooperation and common good), factors effecting the emergence of colle...

OBJECTIVE To compare the total work-related radiation dose in our department of radiology with the dose in Dutch residences, taking x-ray radiation, external natural radiation and radon into account. METHODS Annual doses due to exposure to x-rays and external natural radiation were derived from the measured personal dose equivalent [H(p)(10)] of 144 workers. Additionally, departmental (222)Rn...

This study will explore the “indignados” (outraged) protests in Spain, characterized by their endorsement of participatory democracy and their use of collective leadership in decisionmaking and camp organization. Collective leadership involves multiple people collaborating in leadership to attain their common goals (Méndez, Howell, & Bishop, 2011). Using a grounded theory methodology based on t...

We develop a framework for computing light dark matter direct detection rates through single phonon and magnon excitations via general effective operators. Our work generalizes previous calculations focused on spin-independent interactions involving the total nucleon electron numbers $N$ (the usual route to excite phonons) spin-dependent spin $\mathbit{S}$ magnons), leading us identify new resp...

We present a method for extracting effective Lagrangians from QCD. The resulting effective Lagrangians are based on exact rewrites of cutoff QCD in terms of these new collective field degrees of freedom. These cutoff Lagrangians are thus " effective " in the sense that they explicitly contain some of the physical long-distance degrees of freedom from the outset. As an example we discuss the int...

Background: Breast cancer is a common disease in radiation oncology. We evaluated the radiation dose received by breast cancer patients, an often-neglected concern. Materials and Methods: The total effective radiation dose in 101 breast cancer patients was calculated by summing the effective doses of individual diagnostic imaging tests from the first hospital visit to the initiation of radiothe...