People tend to overestimate their comparative likelihood of experiencing a rosy future. The present research suggests that one reason for this error is that when people compare their likelihood of experiencing an event with that of the average person, they focus on their own chances of experiencing the event and insufficiently consider the likelihood of the average person experiencing the event...

Kinship for First Nations people is a fundamental, yet complex, element of one's culture, enabling both belonging and relationality, extending beyond blood family relations. also recognized as important within out-of-home care (OOHC) systems, with kinship being the predominant OOHC placement type in Australia (AIHW, 2021). However, when children young are removed by state, placed into OOHC, it ...

Scoring constructed-response items can be highly difficult, time-consuming, and costly in practice. Improvements computer technology have enabled automated scoring of items. However, the application without an investigation test equating lead to serious problems. The goal this study was score mixed-format tests automatically with different test/training data rates investigate indirect effect th...

The purpose of this dissertation was to investigate how different Item Response Theory (IRT)-based calibration methods affect student achievement growth pattern recovery. Ninety-six vertical scales (4 × 2 × 2 × 2 ×3) were constructed using different combinations of IRT calibration methods (separate, pair-wise concurrent, semiconcurrent, and concurrent), lengths of common-item set (10 vs. 20 com...

Background: Osteoarthritis is a common chronic disease of the musculoskeletal system in older adults. Aim: This study aimed to compare the effects of in-person and distance exercise training on the outcomes of knee injury and osteoarthritis among the elderly with limited literacy. Method: In this two-group randomized clinical trial with a pretest-posttest design, 60 elderly patients with knee i...