Disseminating energy-efficient technologies, even when they may appear to be technically perfect, is always a tough task, more so in economies with low purchasing power and educational levels. The compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) is one such well-known product that consumes only 20% electricity for the same light output as given out by the ubiquitous incandescent lamp and which, if adopted in a b...

a r t i c l e i n f o A simple bilayer system consisting of TiO 2 and chitosan (CS) biopolymer has been fabricated and immobilized onto a glass plate. The deposition properties of TiO 2 powder were improved by adding epoxidized natural rubber (ENR 50) and phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF) in the coating formulation. SEM analysis indicated that the degraded ENR 50 acted as macro-pores forming agent...

Since 1987 more than 50 utility-sponsored programs in 11 European countries have offered financial incentives to promote energy-efftcient compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). Roughly 7.4 million households were eligible for the programs and together they acquired about 2.5 million CFLs. Data from 40 of the programs show that the average societal cost of conserved energy is 2.1 cents/kWh, including...

This paper, electronic resonant ballast for a small photovoltaic powered street lighting system in remote rural area was proposed. The street lighting system was designed for rural area where the electrical transmission line cannot be commonly serviced and it is the cascade systems of the solar arrays, switching battery charger, and electronics ballast with small fluorescent lamp. The ballast i...

Artificial lighting systems are transitioning from incandescent to compact fluorescent lamp (CFL) and light-emitting diode (LED) bulbs in response to the U.S. Energy Independence and Security Act and the EU Ecodesign Directive, which leads to energy savings and reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Although CFLs and LEDs are more energy-efficient than incandescent bulbs, they require more metal-con...