Research in the neural pathway for vergence is less understood in comparison to the other four visual eye movements. The aim of this study was to review the literature on vergence neural pathways and associated disorders. A review of previous published literature though to March 2016 was conducted. Intracranial pathologies that affect entire neural functioning were found to cause convergence in...

Abstract—In this paper, we focus on how to control the robot’s end-effector to track an object, meanwhile, to approach it with a desired posture for grasping, which we named as “Approaching Visual Servoing (AVS).” AVS with binocular cameras needs inheritably eye-vergence motion to keep cameras’ sight against the target since approaching motion makes the cameras sight narrow or losing the object...

Vergence-accommodation (VA) mismatch is a component of stereoscopic 3D remote vision system (RVS) design linked to depth misperception and visual discomfort. VA caused by an unnatural conflict between the focal distance image (and thus accommodative demand) binocular vergence demand. A possible solution mitigate change demand with optical correction, reducing This experiment investigated effect...

Previous event-related potential (ERP) studies of eye movements were restricted to saccades, the rapid conjugate movements used to change direction of fixation. Our study explored ERP activity for vergence eye movements used for the adjustment of the angle of the visual axes to the distance of the object. These movements are essential when exploring the natural 3D world. Subjects made the follo...

The rostral superior colliculus (rSC) encodes position errors for multiple types of eye movements, including microsaccades, small saccades, smooth pursuit, and fixation. Here we address whether the rSC contributes to the development of neural signals that are suitable for controlling vergence eye movements. We use both single-unit recording and microstimulation techniques in monkey to answer th...

When looking between targets located in three-dimensional space, information about relative depth is sent from the visual cortex to the motor control centers in the brainstem, which are responsible for generating appropriate motor commands to move the eyes. Surprisingly, how the neurons in the brainstem use the depth information supplied by the visual cortex to precisely aim each eye on a visua...

Feature Pattern Analysis (FPA), as a part of the theory of data (Coombs, 1964), can be interpreted as a formal model of some procedures frequently applied in the behavioral and social sciences, e.g., for Guttman scaling, Parallelogram Analysis, Likert scaling, the Semantic Differential, and the Kelly Grid. FPA may also be used as a scaling procedure for nominal and ordinal data with qualitative...

To maintain binocular fixation on near targets during fore-aft translational disturbances, largely disjunctive eye movements are elicited the amplitude and direction of which should be tuned to the horizontal and vertical eccentricities of the target. The eye movements generated during this task have been investigated here as trained rhesus monkeys fixated isovergence targets at different horiz...

PURPOSE Clinical studies have shown that positive fusional vergence (PFV) can be trained through a program of orthoptic exercises. Models of accommodation and vergence predict that training PFV would require a reduction in the convergence accommodation (CA) cross-link. Recent investigations have found that the CA/C ratio is not changed in a clinical population after orthoptics. We hypothesized ...

The influence of phoria-type and myopia on changes to vergence and accommodation during prolonged near-task was examined in 53 children. Participants were classified into phoria and refractive categories based on near phoria and cycloplegic refraction respectively. Measures of near phoria, binocular (BA) and monocular accommodation (MA) were obtained before and during a 20 min task when childre...