The present study investigates specificity of the six somatic symptoms that are associated with generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), according to the fourth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. A nonclinical sample of 183 students provided severity ratings for (a) restlessness, (b) easily fatigued, (c) difficulty concentrating, (d) irritability, (e) muscle tensio...

The influence of adrenergic drugs and electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerves on concentrating function and motility in the feline gall bladder and on heptic bile secretion have been studied in vivo. It was found that electrical stimulation of the splanchnic nerves and adrenergic alpha-receptor stimulation increase the rate of net water absorption from the gall bladder lumen. Adrenergic...

Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and other unicellular green algae have a high apparent affinity for CO(2), little O(2) inhibition of photosynthesis, and reduced photorespiration. These characteristics result from operation of a CO(2)-concentrating system. The CO(2)-concentrating system involves active inorganic carbon transport and is under environmental control. Cells grown at limiting CO(2) concent...

A mathematical model of the renal medulla of the rat kidney was used to investigate urine concentrating mechanism function in animals lacking the UTB urea transporter. The UTB transporter is believed to mediate countercurrent urea exchange between descending vasa recta (DVR) and ascending vasa recta (AVR) by facilitating urea transport across DVR endothelia. The model represents the outer medul...

The association of potassium (K) depletion with polyuria and a concentrating defect is established, but the extent to which these defects could be secondary to an effect of low K on water intake has not been systematically investigated. To determine whether hypokalemia has a primary effect to increase thirst and whether any resultant polyuria and polydipsia contribute to the concentrating defec...

We hypothesized that aldosterone promotes development of the renal medulla in the postnatal period and that cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) activity contributes to renal dysfunction after impaired aldosterone signaling. To test these hypotheses, rat pups underwent either sham operation or adrenalectomy at postnatal day 10. Adrenalectomized rats were divided into no steroid substitution (ADX), corticos...

In a companion study [Layton AT. A mathematical model of the urine concentrating mechanism in the rat renal medulla. I. Formulation and base-case results. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol. (First published November 10, 2010). 10.1152/ajprenal.00203.2010] a region-based mathematical model was formulated for the urine concentrating mechanism in the renal medulla of the rat kidney. In the present study,...