In this work, we tried to automatically optimize the cost of the concrete segmental lining used as a support system in the case study of Mashhad Urban Railway Line 2 located in NE Iran. Two meta-heuristic optimization methods including particle swarm optimization (PSO) and imperialist competitive algorithm (ICA) were presented. The penalty function was used for unfeasible solutions, and the seg...

Bridges with reinforeerneut corrosion problems are now under careful inspection in Taiwan. Costly maintenance programs are underway and raising S"erious safety concem. There are various engineering solutions to salt-induced corrosion. Among them epoxycoated reinforcing bars, commonly referred to as rebar, are frequently used in marine environment and other areas due to its durability, reasonabl...

To comply with recent international trends and initiatives, and in order to help achieve sustainable development, Korea has established a greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reduction target of 37% (851 million tons) of the business as usual (BAU) rate by 2030. Regarding environmentally-oriented standards such as the IGCC (International Green Construction Code), there are also rising demands for the ...

Since the structure and foundation are built on soil, the soil is the major platform by which seismic vibrations are transmitted to the structure, and has noticeable effects on the response and behavior of structure during earthquakes. In this research, the recently introduced Performance-based plastic design (PBPD) and its modified Performance-based plastic design (MPBPD) method in which soil ...

The major problem the construction industry concurs with is the high maintenance cost of the concrete. Various natural processes such as weathering, faults, land subsidence, earthquake, changes in moisture and temperature, have the tendency to create cracks in concrete. Therefore, to counter these effects, it has become necessary to come up with ways which will not only help in counteracting bu...

In order to achieve a fair description of radon transport through concrete certain information is needed on the concrete structure, porosity and permeability, on processes causing the transport of radon, on radon’s interaction with environment, factors favouring the generation of radon, etc. The concrete characteristics (that depend on its composition and especially on the W/C ratio) which infl...