Backgrounds and Motivations. Conventional complexity theory gives us only asymptotic information and does not give us any information about the complexity of each individual instance. It is also true, however, that many of us are feeling that the complexity of each instance is quite different from one to another. Instance complexity, denoted by ic(x : A), has been thus introduced [7, 9] as a me...

he bonds between leukocytes and endothelial cells last longer when under some strain, as shown by Yago et al. (page 913). The results explain why these white blood cells attach to and roll along the vasculature only when blood flow is strong enough. Most explanations of this flow-enhanced adhesion suggest that flow increases the number of bonds that form between L-selectin on leukocytes and PSG...

The two most popular candidates for dark energy, i.e. a cosmological constant and quintessence, are very difficult to distinguish observationally, mostly because the quintessence field does not have sizable fluctuations. We study a scalar field model for dark energy in which the scalar field is invariant under reflection symmetry φ → −φ. Under general assumptions, there is a phase transition at...

Efficient and one-pot synthesis of 1,8-dioxo-octahydroxanthenes was described by Knoevenagel condensation, Michael addition and cyclodehydration of dimedone. This reaction was carried out through condensation of dimedone and various aromatic aldehydes in the presence of task-specific Brønsted acidic ionic liquid under solvent free conditions. The catalyst could be recycled five times without si...

Condensation of glyoxal, formaldehyde and anilines lead to the formation of 2,4,6,8- tetraphenyl and substituted phenyl 2,4,6,8-tetraazabicyclo [3.3.0] octanes. The reactions are sensitive to pH and temperature. Ortho derivatives of anilines do not participate in this condensation. X-ray structural determination reveals a cis-dienvelope geometery about the two fused rings.

The mechanisms for the base-catalyzed condensation reactions in phenol-formaldehyde resin synthesis were investigated by using the density functional theory method. The structures of the intermediates and transition states, as well as the potential energy barriers of the involved reactions, were obtained. The hypothesis of quinine methide (QM) formation was theoretically confirmed. Two mechanis...

The condensation level of chromatin is controlled by epigenetic modifications and associated regulatory factors and changes throughout differentiation and cell cycle progression. To test whether changes of chromatin condensation levels per se affect access and binding of proteins, we used a hypertonic cell treatment. This shift to hyperosmolar medium increased nuclear calcium concentrations and...

Mitotic chromosome condensation is normally dependent on the previous completion of replication. Caffeine spectacularly deranges cell cycle controls after DNA polymerase inhibition or DNA damage; it induces the condensation, in cells that have not completed replication, of fragmented nuclear structures, analogous to the S-phase prematurely condensed chromosomes seen when replicating cells are f...