This study is considered the first in this sector of Tigris River after 2003, to evaluate effect Tharthar Canal on composition and diversity zooplankton River. Six sampling sites were selected; two canal four along River, one before confluence as a control site others downstream confluence. One hundred thirty-four taxa recorded study, 129 ,76 well 96 shared between river canal. The high value d...

The notion of confluence is studied on the context of bigraphs. Confluence will be important in modelling real-world systems, both natural (as in biology) and artificial (as in pervasive computing). The paper uses bigraphs in which names have multiple locality; this enables a formulation of the lambda calculus with explicit substitutions. The paper reports work in progress, seeking conditions o...

Decreasing diagrams technique (van Oostrom, 1994) is a technique that can be widely applied to prove confluence of rewrite systems. To directly apply the decreasing diagrams technique to prove confluence of rewrite systems, rule-labelling heuristic has been proposed by van Oostrom (2008). We show how constraints for ensuring confluence of term rewriting systems constructed based on the rule-lab...

1. I n t r o d u c t i o n Many term rewriting systems and their modifications are considered in logic, automated theorem proving, and programming language [2,3,4,6,8,9]. A fundamental property of term rewriting systems is the confluence property. A few sufficient criteria for the confluence are well known [2,3,4,5,8,9]. However, if a term rewriting system is nonterminating and nonlinear, we kn...

The confluence of untyped λ-calculus with unconditional rewriting is now well understood. In this paper, we investigate the confluence of λ-calculus with conditional rewriting and provide general results in two directions. First, when conditional rules are algebraic. This extends results of Müller and Dougherty for unconditional rewriting. Two cases are considered, whether betareduction is allo...

Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) is potent rodent carcinogen and a reputed human carcinogen. Although much is known about its metabolic activation leading to DNA damage, the mechanisms of its actions are not as well understood at a cellular level. In addressing this, we have established an in vitro model that follows the progression toward neoplastic transformation induced by BaP. The model uses immortal n...

The confluence model explains birth-order differences in intellectual performance by quantifying the changing dynamics within the family. Wichman, Rodgers, and MacCallum (2006) claimed that these differences are a between-family phenomenon--and hence are not directly related to birth order itself. The study design and analyses presented by Wichman et al. nevertheless suffer from crucial shortco...