Connections between chromosomes have been observed and described by numerous investigators (1-10). They have been seen with the light microscope (I, 2, 6, 7, 10), the transmission electron microscope (3-5, 8), and the scanning electron microscope (9). In addition, surface specializations (side arms, loops, whiskers) have been observed on chromosomes by a number of researchers who have employed ...

Canonical inference rules and canonical systems are defined in the framework of non-strict single-conclusion sequent systems, in which the succeedents of sequents can be empty. Important properties of this framework are investigated, and a general nondeterministic Kripke-style semantics is provided. This general semantics is then used to provide a constructive (and very natural), sufficient and...

Consider a partially ordered set(T <,=), where T is non-empty,< is an irreflexive and transitive relation on T and = is equality. We can regard T as a set of moments of time and < as the earlier later relation. We refer to any fixed (T,<,=) as a flow of time. Consider now a propositional language with atomic propositions p, q, r, . . . the usual classical connectives ∼,∧,∨ → and some additional...

The lack of annotated corpora brings limitations in research of discourse classification for many languages. In this paper, we present the first effort towards recognizing ambiguities of discourse connectives, which is fundamental to discourse classification for resource-poor language such as Chinese. A language independent framework is proposed utilizing bilingual dictionaries, Penn Discourse ...

The paper studies basic graded properties of unary and binary fuzzy connectives, i.e., unary and binary operations on the set of truth degrees of a background fuzzy logic extending the logic MTL of left-continuous t-norms. The properties studied in this paper are graded generalizations of monotony, Lipschitz continuity, null and unit elements, idempotence, commutativity, and associativity. The ...

Proof-functional logical connectives allow reasoning about the structure of logical proofs, in this way giving to the latter the status of first-class objects. This is in contrast to classical truth-functional connectives where the meaning of a compound formula is dependent only on the truth value of its subformulas. In this paper we present a typed lambda calculus, enriched with strong product...

Moot & Puite (2002) have introduced proof nets for the multimodal Lambek calculus NL3R. Since then, numerous other connectives have been proposed to deal with different linguistic phenomena, a par — or co-tensor, as some authors prefer to call it— together with the corresponding co-implication (Lambek 1993, Moortgat 2007, Bernardi & Moortgat 2007), Galois and dual-Galois connectives (Areces, Be...

This paper develops a minimally supervised approach, based on focused distributional similarity methods and discourse connectives, for identifying of causality relations between events in context. While it has been shown that distributional similarity can help identifying causality, we observe that discourse connectives and the particular discourse relation they evoke in context provide additio...

Production studies show connective acquisition by age 3;0, but comprehension studies show errors until 9;0 or older. To further investigate this gap, two comprehension tasks were carried out with 78 Dutch children between the ages of 7;0 and 10;1, testing contrastive maar 'but' and causal want 'because' connectives for comparison. An existing context choice task and a task that tested children'...