Winter feeding costs represent between 50 and 60 cents of every dollar spent on keeping a cow a year. Thus, any attempt to control or reduce costs of operating a cow herd must focus on controlling or reducing feed costs. However, attempts at controlling or reducing costs are highly dependent on the forage system that the cow-calf operation uses. Forage systems vary depending on a variety of fac...

UNLABELLED The bacterial plant pathogen Pseudomonas syringae causes disease in a wide range of plants. The associated decrease in crop yields results in economic losses and threatens global food security. Competition exists between the plant immune system and the pathogen, the basic principles of which can be applied to animal infection pathways. P. syringae uses a type III secretion system (T3...

Meeting the projected 50% increase in global grain demand by 2030 without further environmental degradation poses a major challenge for agricultural production. Because surface ozone (O3 ) has a significant negative impact on crop yields, one way to increase future production is to reduce O3 -induced agricultural losses. We present two strategies whereby O3 damage to crops may be reduced. We fi...

Biotic stresses pose a major threat to crop productivity. Crops are challenged by a plethora of biotic stresses, but only a limited number of key pests and diseases cause the vast majority of economic losses in a particular crop. Plant protection measures such as application of pesticides and deployment of resistant gene(s)/quantitative trait loci (QTLs) into cultivars have so far been quite su...

armillaria root and crown rot is an important disease of woody plants including fruit, forest and ornamental trees in different regions. the disease is common in isfahan and causes economical losses on a broad range of fruit trees. there only a few tolerant varieties to disease, and there is no efficient method in controlling the disease. therefore, detection of the pathogen from soil is necess...

Mortality of sheep and lambs from all causes and from predator losses from 1940 through 1985 for the United States is presented including economic aspects. Lamb losses from all causes were 9% of the lamb crop in 1940 and were generally higher thereafter and reached a peak in 1978 of 14%. Losses of sheep 1 year old and older from all causes were 7.5% in 1940 remained somewhat higher through the ...

Saffron, also known as “the golden spice”, is one of the most expensive crops in world. The expensiveness saffron comes from its rarity, tedious harvesting process, and nutritional medicinal value. Different countries world are making great economic growth due to export. In India, it cultivated mostly regions Kashmir owing climate soil composition. value generated by export can be increased man...

(eds M.C.S. Wopereis et al.) 229 In the search for sustainable management options to increase food security, an overall challenge is to increase yields and decrease losses during production and harvest without harming the environment and resource base for future generations of farmers and consumers. As such, integrated pest management (IPM) plays a key role in the context of sustainable agricul...