Frequently updated web objects reduce the benefit of caching, increase the problem of cache inconsistency, and aggravate the inefficiency of the conventional "repeated unicast" delivery model. In this paper, we investigate multicast invalidation and delivery of popular, frequently updated objects to web cache proxies. Our protocol, MMO, groups objects into volumes, each of which maps to one IP ...

Span 80 (sorbitan monooleate) vesicles behaved differently from conventional phospholipid vesicles (liposomes) because the former had a more fluid interface. After doxorubicin hydrochloride (DOX) was encapsulated into the Span 80 vesicle (loading efficiency: 63 %), DOX-loaded Span 80 vesicles (DVs) were thereafter added to Colon 26 cells. It was suggested, from the flow cytometric analysis and ...

The purpose of this review is to give an insight into the considerable potential of lecithin based nanocarriers. The lecithin microemulsion and closely related microemulsion based systems are currently of interest to pharmaceutical researchers. Conventional systems for topical delivery of drugs meet many hindrances like reduced permeation and entrapment efficiency. Lecithin nanocarriers with th...

This paper is concerned with what the state buys and in particular the decision to shift from conventional government purchase and ownership of assets toward public-private partnerships, i.e. purchase of final services, leaving the private sector supplier to design, build and own the assets. The approach emphasizes the information and contractual nature of the problem, rather than residual cont...

This paper documents implications and opportunities for the design profession offered by the rise of the knowledge society and digital economies. Within this we show the value of applied design thinking in the creation and delivery of business development and facilitation. Two case studies document the design and delivery of contrasting consultancy projects where the design of problem-solving f...

Conventional tracheostomies have been used for many years to deliver oxygen with the patient breathing spontaneously or in conjunction with positive pressure ventilators. The insertion of a transtracheal catheter specifically to deliver oxygen, however, dates only from Heimlich's studies published in 1982.' He showed that in dogs and man a normal oxygen saturation could be maintained by the del...

Polyelectrolyte complexes formed between chitosan (CS) and anionic polymers have attracted increasing interest in drug delivery. In this study, CS is copolymerized with hypromellose via a coupling reagent-mediated approach to form a water-soluble, nontoxic CS derivative, namely hypromellose-graft-CS (HC), which is subsequently complexed with carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) to generate a polyamphol...

In this paper, we propose Multimedia Delivery Service (MDS) for providing fluent multimedia services using multicast technique on the Head-end-Network. The implemented system is not conventional server-based multicast system but provides client-based on-demand one that has been lacked in conventional multicast delivery. The scheduler generates a multicast group address and port number when a cl...

Advances in photonics have stimulated significant progress in medicine, with many techniques now in routine clinical use. However, the finite depth of light penetration in tissue is a serious constraint to clinical utility. Here we show implantable light-delivery devices made of bio-derived or biocompatible, and biodegradable polymers. In contrast to conventional optical fibres, which must be r...

Current nonviral genetic vaccine systems are less effective than viral vaccines, particularly in cancer systems where epitopes can be weakly immunogenic and antigen-presenting cell processing and presentation to T cells is down-regulated. A promising nonviral delivery method for genetic vaccines involves microencapsulation of antigen-encoding DNA, because such particles protect plasmid payloads...