in order to gain a better understanding of the chemistry of methanl-to-hydro-carbon conversion, it is necessary to determine the nature of the primary reaction products. experiments carried out in this work on h-zsm-11, using a continuous flow reactor linked to an on-line gas chromatograph demonstrated that ethylene and methane are the primary reaction products. the results obtained using solid...

Our desire and fascination with intelligent machines dates back to the antiquity’s mythical automaton Talos, Aristotle’s mode of mechanical thought (syllogism) and Heron of Alexandria’s mechanical machines and automata. However, the quest for Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) is troubled with repeated failures of strategies and approaches throughout the history. This decade has seen a shift...

For the entire Islamic tradition, the crowning glory of Aristotelian logic is the syllogistic theory outlined in the Prior and Posterior Analytics, especially the latter. The purpose of logic is to provide the means whereby knowledge is to be acquired, and the most valuable type of knowledge is that which is certain and necessary, that is, knowledge gained according to the paradigm of demonstra...

How emotions influence syllogistic reasoning is not well understood. fMRI was employed to investigate the effects of induced positive or negative emotion on syllogistic reasoning. Specifically, on a trial-by-trial basis participants were exposed to a positive, negative, or neutral picture, immediately prior to engagement in a reasoning task. After viewing and rating the valence and intensity of...

There are two broad approaches to device testing: Functional test – “Does the device do what it is supposed to do?” – and structural test – “Has the device been built correctly?” Historically, electronic devices were tested functionally. If a device met its specifications, then by definition it worked and test was complete. As the complexity of electronic systems increased, however, verifying t...

implication in general) to the rule of syllogism—is wholly fallacious; the real source of the difference lies in the change of sense of the middle term; that to confound in a middle term the sensus compositi and the sensus divisi is a source of danger has been a commonplace of logic since the time of the scholastics. That an inept symbolism is made use of in mathematics, which has for a fundame...

The tendency to accept or reject arguments based on own beliefs or prior knowledge rather than on the reasoning process is called the belief-bias effect. A psychological syllogistic reasoning task shows this phenomenon, wherein participants were asked whether they accept or reject a given syllogism. We discuss one case which is commonly assumed to be believable but not logically valid. By intro...

We investigated two possible mechanisms that may mediate the rapid acquisition of novel words and their corresponding referents (i.e., fast mapping, FM). In the standard paradigm that examines FM, a novel label is presented alongside a novel object and a familiar object, and subjects are asked to identify the item that corresponds to the novel label. Acquisition of name-object pairing is subseq...

This paper presents a new theory of syllogistic reasoning. The proposed model assumes there are probabilistic representations of given signature situations. Instead of conducting an exhaustive search, the model constructs an individual-based "logical" mental representation that expresses the most probable state of affairs, and derives a necessary conclusion that is not inconsistent with the mod...