This paper presents and discusses issues relevant to solidification of a chosen lead-free solder, the eutectic Sn-3.5%Ag, and its composite counterparts. Direct temperature recordings for the no-clean solder paste during the simulated reflow process revealed a significant amount of undercooling to occur prior to the initiation of solidification of the eutectic Sn-3.5%Ag solder, which is 6.5 C, ...

The Electrochemical Society Interface • Spring 1999 FIG. 1. Cross section of a 6-level copper wiring structure fabricated by IBM showing wiring hierarchy. n-chip interconnections comprise a multilevel structure of fine wiring located on the top of the transistor circuitry of logic or memory chips, whose role is to connect circuits together as shown in Fig. 1. To avoid significant degradation of...

New developments of antimicrobial implant surfaces doped with copper (Cu) ions may minimize the risk of implant-associated infections. However, experimental evaluation of the Cu release is influenced by various test parameters. The aim of our study was to evaluate the Cu release characteristics in vitro according to the storage fluid and surface roughness. Plasma immersion ion implantation of C...

Unconstrained metal powders of Cu, Cr, Ni and Al were applied to submerged arc welding (SAW) clarify the chemical behaviour copper in this modified SAW process. Aluminium is avoided because it easily oxidised. Excessive aluminium oxides form slag or inclusions weld will lead poor materials properties. an effective deoxidiser can be used prevent Cr loss by preventing oxidation these metals. The ...

The elastic constants of single crystals of dilute solutions of Al, Si, Zn, Ga and Ge in Gu have been determined by the ultrasonic pulse method. Alloying causes a decrease in all the fundamental constants, C^, (C-^-C]^)^ and (G11 2C^2)/3> the relative decrease in (Gi2~Gi2)/2 being the greatest. The changes in shear constants Cu, and (C,-,-C-,2)/2 have been interpreted in terms of the known elec...

Automotive wiring harness helps the interaction between electrical equipment such as in-vehicle controllers, sensors, actuators, and lamps. An automotive connector, on the other hand, is one of the important parts, which connects wiring harness to other harnesses or electrical devices. Automotive connector terminals are generally made of tin, gold and silver plated copper alloys. Figure 1 shows...