Trigeminal primary afferent fibers have small receptive fields and discrete submodalities, but second order trigeminal neurons often display larger receptive fields with complex, multimodal responses. Moreover, while most large caliber afferents terminate exclusively in the principal trigeminal nucleus, and pars caudalis (sVc) of the spinal trigeminal nucleus receives almost exclusively small c...

THERE iS much need for earlier and more careful examination of patients, particularly children, who present with amblyopia in a squinting eye, with a view to the detection of eccentric fixation. It is true that in many cases considerable improvement of visual acuity may occur as a result of occlusion of the non-squinting eye, but there are others, mainly those with eccentric fixation, in which ...

BACKGROUND Behçet's disease (BD) characterized by multisystemic disorders has many kinds of ocular involvement. We report one case of BD with unusual neutrophil infiltration under a soft contact lens (SCL). CASE A 31-year-old woman diagnosed as having BD exhibited bilateral recurrent phlyctenular keratitis and finally developed corneal perforation in the cornea of her right eye. OBSERVATION...

Using microdialysis, we have examined the effects of ketamine on concentrations of total nitric oxide oxidation products (NOx-) in the rat hippocampus and striatum in vivo to investigate the relationship between anaesthesia and NOx- production in the brain. Ketamine 25, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 i.p. increased NOx- concentrations to mean 125 (SD 13)%, 165 (11)% and 193 (13)% of basal, respectively, in...

The main objective of this study was to compare the effects of ketamine and xylazine in aging rats when coadministered intraperitoneally at high anesthetic doses. Three groups (n=6 rats/group) consisting of rats at 3, 6 and 12 months of age were used. During anesthesia, animals were monitored for heart rate, respiratory frequency, blood oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature. The corneal and...

BACKGROUND/AIMS The Fas-Fas ligand system is thought to be involved in stromal cell apoptosis after corneal wounding. The aim was to measure changes in human tear fluid levels of soluble Fas (sFas) and Fas ligand (sFasL) following myopic photorefractive keratectomy (PRK). METHODS Tear samples of 59 patients were collected preoperatively, and 1 or 2 days after PRK. Tear fluid sFas or sFasL con...

The main aim of the present paper is to examine whether the pupillary light reflex (PLR) mediated by intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) is impaired in type 2 diabetic patients. One hundred and three diabetic patients without diabetic autonomic neuropathy (DAN) and 42 age-matched controls underwent a series of detailed neurological examinations. The patients were strati...

Background: Drug abuse could cause complications; infection and overdose are the most prevalent of them. Unreliable history of addicted patients also makes the diagnosis difficult and leads to delayed treatment and poor prognosis. Early recognition and prompt treatment are required to minimize the destructive damage. To our knowledge, there is not any previous report of bilateral eye injection ...

Neurosteroids are involved in the pathogenesis of hepatic encephalopathy (HE). This study evaluated the effects of finasteride, inhibitor of neurosteroid synthesis, on motor, EEG, and cellular changes in rat brain in thioacetamide-induced HE. Male Wistar rats were divided into the following groups: 1) control; 2) thioacetamide-treated group, TAA (300 mg·kg(-1)·day(-1)); 3) finasteride-treated g...