household data are used in this study to assess the transaction costs of obtaining credit from formal and semiformal institutions in rural iran. a survey was employed to gather the data needed to determine the transaction costs that must be borne by the borrower in each step of the credit procurement process. data were collected from a random sample of 459 households, including 272 borrower hou...

workers who carry out manual rebar tying tasks are exposed to muscular-skeletal injuries associated with the use of manual tools and the movements associated with them (force, repetitiveness and awkward wrist postures). this paper presents a background on musculoskeletal injuries directly linked to manual and mechanical rebar tying method is conducted. the objective of this study is to compare ...

background: the objective of this study is to estimate the average diagnosis and treatment costs of chronic hepatitis b and c, with respect to different therapeutic strategies in iran. methods: this is a descriptive, analytical, and cross‑sectional study carried out on patients with hepatitis b and c, who were referred to the liver disease research center for prevention and treatment of hepatit...

introduction: road traffic crashes (rtcs) are very common across the world and in iran. the aim of this study was to estimate the economic burden of road traffic accidents in tehran province, iran in 2009. methods: t his was a descriptive, cross-sectional retrospective study. the study population included all deceased and injuries due to rtcs in tehran in 2009. the economic burden of rtc was es...

We evaluated the effectiveness of a routine outpatient urinalysis screening program on a sample population of 2600 patients. The 189 abnormal urine results found in 182 patients were followed up by study of any new clinical and laboratory investigations or therapeutic modifications initiated on the basis of any abnormal test result. The urinalysis screening program appeared to have significant ...

We invoke a triple rationale to rebut Hooper and Spicer's argument against mandatory helmet laws. First, we use the laws of physics and empirical studies to show how bicycle helmets afford substantial protection to the user. We show that Hooper and Spicer erroneously downplay helmet utility and that, as a result, their attack on the utilitarian argument for mandatory helmet laws is weakened. Ne...

As healthcare costs continue to rise across the country more companies are beginning to look for new strategies to cut costs. The evolving health and wellness industry has been shown to reduce expenditures from costly medical services by improving long term healthy behaviors in the work force, aiming to impact the demand and supply sides of healthcare. This paper looks at the history behind the...

4. Department Head Statement and Signature. (This proposal is consistent with the program of my department and the funding of it would be an appropriate use of indirect cost recovery dollars.) Important: On an attached sheet, you must state the importance of this equipment to the total program of research and graduate training of the department(s). In instances of multiple requests from a depar...