The biological response to tumor necrosis factor (TNF) involves activation of MAP kinases. Here we report a mechanism of MAP kinase activation by TNF that is mediated by the Rho GTPase family members Rac/Cdc42. This signaling pathway requires Src-dependent activation of the guanosine nucleotide exchange factor Vav, activation of Rac/Cdc42, and the engagement of the Rac/Cdc42 interaction site (C...

Community baby showers have provided education and free portable cribs to promote safe sleep for high-risk infants. We evaluated knowledge gained at these showers and the effectiveness of holding baby showers at a primary care clinic as an alternative to traditional community venues. Participants at the community venue were more likely to exhibit risk factors associated with unsafe sleep and to...

Loss of anterior teeth is a psychological trauma both for parent as well as children. Children presenting with lost anterior teeth along with thumb sucking habit require not only attention for aesthetics, function and space maintenance but also an appliance for habit breaking. Depending on many clinical and economic factors, a course of treatment is decided by the dentist in consultation with p...

BACKGROUND Neurons project their axons along specific pathways in order to establish appropriate connections with their target cells. The rate and direction of axonal growth is determined by interactions between the highly motile growth cone and environmental cues that can act in either an attractive or a repulsive manner. Locomotion is ultimately dependent upon the reorganisation of the actin ...

PURPOSE To document specific patterns and products associated with mechanical suffocation among infants younger than 13 months of age for the period 1980 to 1997. METHODOLOGY A total 2178 case summaries from the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's Death Certificate File were reviewed. A computerized database was created for information about the infants, products, and patterns of suffocat...

Salmonella typhimurium has sustained a long-standing association with its host and therefore has evolved sophisticated strategies to multiply and survive within this environment. Central to Salmonella pathogenesis is the function of a dedicated type III secretion system that delivers bacterial effector proteins into the host cell cytoplasm. These effectors stimulate nuclear responses and actin ...

THE effects of a high concentrate versus high fibre diet on performance parameters and welfare of the horse have been widely studied in the past (Tinker and others 1997, Nadeau and others 2000, McGreevy and others 2001, Ellis and others 2002). Horses fed diets low in ‘structural’ fibre have a greater susceptibility to develop stereotypical behaviour (apparently functionless, repetitive activiti...