disproportionate punishments are those punishments passed or enforced without considering the criteria of proportionality, namely the criteria of harm done, the absolute or relative seriousness of crimes, the kind of committed crime and offender characteristics, the degree and kind of victim’s culpability. considering the penological aims, such as retribution, deterrence and securing social def...

This paper describes the methods used to update the nonresidential fenestration requirements for the 2001 California Energy Efficiency Standards for Nonresidential and High-Rise Residential Buildings (standards). Before the 2001 changes, the standards allowed metal frames with single tinted glass along the coast and double tinted glass inland. With the changes, high performance fenestration is ...

In this research, the features of LEED, BREEAM, and NBRI also, their principles, are reviewed, evaluated, and compared from the aspects of the sustainability. The compliance items of standards with the principles of sustainability determine that their goals are well matched. By comparing the different and shared principles, it discovered how each standard has succeeded from the aspect of the su...

background: this study aimed to evaluate the design of emergency departâ­ments regarding to the patients’ and staff's privacy, confidentiality and facilities in genâ­eral teaching hospitals. methods: emergency departments of all the general teaching hospitals of shahid beâ­heshti university of medical sciences, tehran, iran were evaluated in 2007 through both direct observation and interview ...

background: quality of care for patients might be increased costs of care reduced as a result of  standards implementation in intensive care units because it prevent managerial errors and reduce preventable deaths in this sensible unit in hospitals. the main goal of the icus can be achieved by proper financial resource allocation, monitoring standards, fixing old or non standard physical struct...

Methods World Health Organization (WHO) and Council of Europe (CoE) guidance on the desirable components of mental health legislation were used to develop standards for criteria for involuntary admission and treatment. The standards include the presence of appeal or review procedures, conditions included/excluded under the remit of the law, and thresholds for risk and incapacity that would legi...

Efforts to assess the quality of ambulatory care services provided to Medicare beneficiaries cannot meaningfully proceed unless a concerted effort is made to develop criteria and standards for ambulatory care quality assessment that reflect the specific characteristics and needs of the elderly. In this article, we describe some of those characteristics and needs--such as physical and mental imp...

Interoperability has been identified as a major issue to be addressed by every e-government agency. An interoperability framework aims to provide the basic standards that every department which is relevant for the e-government strategy implementation should adopt. Criteria for selection and inclusion of standards in an interoperability framework are crucial, since they influence the utility tha...