Non-imaging optical critical dimension (OCD) techniques have rapidly become a preferred method for measuring nanoscale features in semiconductors. OCD relies upon the measurement of an optical reflectance signature from a grating target as a function of angle, wavelength and/or polarization. By comparing the signature with theoretical simulations, parameters of the grating lines such as critica...

The adiabatic invariance of the magnetic moment during particle motion is fundamental importance to dynamics magnetized plasma. related rate pitch angle scattering investigated here for fast particles that thermally stream through static perturbations. For a uniform field with localized perturbation it found curvature parameter $\kappa^2=\min(R_c/\rho_L)$ does not predict level scattering. Inst...

We measure the increase in the maximum stable angle of a sandpile, theta(c), with the volume fraction, phi of a liquid added to cause cohesion between the grains. For two different liquids, tan theta(c) does not apparently scale with the air-liquid surface tension at low phi, whereas it does at higher phi. This suggests that the liquid forms menisci at asperities on the surfaces of the grains b...

The appropriate pitch control is critical in many pulp and paper operations. One of the important approaches for pitch control is to use synthetic polymers. In this paper, we provide evidence from differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis that the pitch deposits formed with polymers, such as polyDADMAC and CPAM, had better thermal stability than those without these polymers. Metal cation...